as having furnished in latitude 49° 50′ N. the bone of a large ape of the Gibbon kind, the most northerly example yet discovered of a quadrumanous animal. Fig. 147: Amphistegina Hauerina. M. Alcide d’Orbigny has shown that the foraminifera of the Vienna basin differ alike from the Eocene and Pliocene species, and agree with those of the faluns, so far as the latter are known. Among the Vienna foraminifera, the genus _Amphistegina_ (Fig. 147) is very characteristic, and is supposed by d’Archiac to take the same place among the Rhizopods of the Upper Miocene era which the Nummulites occupy in the Eocene period. The flora of the Vienna basin exhibits some species which have a general range through the whole Miocene period, such as _Cinnamomum polymorphum_ (Fig. 138), and _C. Scheuchzeri,_ also Planera Richardi, Mich., _Liquidambar europæum_ (Fig. 135) _Juglans bilinica, Cassia ambigua,_ and _C. lignitum._ Among the plants common to the Upper Miocene beds of Œningen, in Switzerland, are _Platanus aceroides_ (Fig. 141), _Myrica vindobonensis,_ and others. Upper Miocene Strata of Italy.—We are indebted to Signor Michelotti for a valuable work on the Miocene shells of Northern Italy. Those found in the hill called the Superga, near Turin, have long been known to correspond in age with the faluns of Touraine, and they contain so many species common to the Upper Miocene strata of Bordeaux as to lead to the conclusion that there was a free communication between the northern part of the Mediterranean and the Bay of Biscay in the Upper Miocene period. Upper Miocene Formations of Greece.—At Pikermé, near Athens, MM. Wagner and Roth have described a deposit in which they found the remains of the genera _Mastodon, Dinotherium, Hipparion,_ two species of _Giraffe, Antelope,_ and others, some living and some extinct. With them were also associated fossil bones of the _Semnopithecus,_ showing that here, as in the south of France, the quadrumana were characteristic of this period. The whole fauna attests the former extension of a vast expanse of grassy plains where we have now the broken and mountainous country of Greece; plains, which were probably united with Asia Minor, spreading over the area where the deep Ægean Sea and its numerous islands are now situated. We are indebted to M. Gaudry, who visited Pikermé, for a treatise on these fossil bones, showing how many data they contribute to the theory of a transition from the mammalia of the Upper Miocene through the Pliocene and Post-pliocene forms to those of living genera and species.