The Landsgemeinde exercises two equally important functions. First, it elects the principal officers of the Canton, the Landammann and his substitute, the treasurer, and the chief of the cantonal militia; it also appoints the deputies for the Federal Assembly. These cantonal functionaries are paid but nominally; their duties are light, and the small claim which they make on the individual causes them to appear a universal duty of the citizen. It belongs to the Landsgemeinde to sanction all cantonal laws, and all treaties which are concluded with other Cantons or with foreign states. With the exception of Glarus, the legislative power is exercised in this sense, that it accepts or rejects as a whole the propositions which are made to it, without the power to introduce changes in them. In Glarus the constitution invests the Landsgemeinde with power to modify or reject the propositions which are made to it, or refer them to the triple council finally, either to report on them or to decide. The constitution of Glarus also contains this provision: “The people are responsible only to God and their consciences for the exercise of their sovereignty in the May Assembly. What must guide the May Assembly is not, however, caprice without limit and without condition; it is justice and the good of the state which are alone compatible with it. The people are obliged to vote according to these principles in taking annually the oath of the May Assembly.” In all of the Cantons, having these assemblies, the proposition to be submitted must be made public a certain time in advance. The administrative power is ordinarily confided to quite a numerous council, called Rath or Landrath. The functions of this body are extensive. It watches over the enforcement of the constitution, federal and cantonal; regulates in their general organization public instruction, financial, military, and sanitary administration, public works, charity, except the legal provisions regarding the province and obligations of inferior authorities; receives the reports of the administration of all the functionaries of the Canton; deliberates upon the proposed laws to be presented to the Landsgemeinde, through the intermediary of the triple council; and watches over the execution of what the laws or decrees of the Landsgemeinde prescribe to it. In Nidwald the council has, besides, judicial function. In Glarus, Uri, and Obwald there have been organized, side by side with the Landrath, special authorities to which have been transferred all the judicial functions formerly granted to the Landrath. About the Landrath are grouped various bodies, evidently formed from it by addition or reduction. The double and the triple or Great Council are nothing but the council of the Landrath itself, doubled or tripled by the addition of new members, whom the territorial divisions appoint in the same manner and in the same proportion as the first. In Glarus, for example,