the communal funds, and when this is insufficient, to seek voluntary contributions; public instruction, appointing the teachers in the primary schools and paying their salaries; levying taxes upon the landed property, capital and revenue, for the administration of the Commune, when revenues of communal property are insufficient. The habit of borrowing money on the security of communal credit has obtained but little footing; far from being disposed to spare themselves by throwing burdens on their successors, they rather think it necessary to get together and keep together a capital which shall produce interest, a school fund, a poor fund, so the weight of annual taxation for these purposes may be lightened. In general, every citizen of a Commune must serve his two years in any office to which he is elected, unless excused, from the fact that he is already filling some public position, or that he is sixty years old or in bad health; every one takes his turn of office, as he takes, in earlier days, his spell of school, and in his later days, his spell of camp. Non-members of the Commune, if Swiss citizens, by virtue of a constitutional provision, have within it equal rights, excepting in respect of the communal property; nor can they be subjected to taxes or other contributions than those imposed on their own citizens. Every inhabitant of a Commune must be inscribed at the police office, and be prepared at all times to show that he is really a member of the Commune; if he removes to another Canton he must be fortified with this evidence of his communal citizenship, or he will not be allowed to remain. This regulation is strictly enforced in every case, specially where the party is in any danger of becoming a public burden. Every Commune, under this strict police surveillance, is absolutely protected against being compelled to support the vagrants or beggars of other Communes. The idea that it is the duty of the Commune to take care of its poor, the unfortunate, and incapable is firmly planted in the mind and breast of every member. They will try to prevent an hereditary or professional pauper from acquiring a domicile in the Commune, and to return to their own Communes shiftless persons that are apt to need aid, but are ready to relieve every case of destitution which fairly belongs in the Commune.