certificate of _Commune d’Origine_ secures the constitutional right “to establish residence at any point in Swiss territory.” The lines of distinction between these several conceptions are not clearly presented, even to the minds of the Swiss themselves. Under Article XIV., amendment of the Constitution of the United States, “All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside.” The two methods indicated in which one may become a citizen of the United States are very simple and intelligible; first, by birth in the United States;[58] and, second, by naturalization therein. The only qualification as to either method, applies to the first, requiring that a citizen by birth must not only be born within the United States, but he must also be “subject to the jurisdiction thereof,”--meaning that whole and complete jurisdiction to which citizens generally are subject, and not any qualified and partial jurisdiction, such as may consist with allegiance to some other government. The process of naturalization, whereby one renounces any foreign allegiance and takes upon himself the obligations of citizenship, is equally simple, being effected by proceedings under general laws prescribed by Congress; which is empowered by the constitution “to establish an uniform rule of naturalization.” The Fourteenth Amendment, in the clause above quoted, certainly recognizes that there is a citizenship of the United States, and also a citizenship of the several States; and that the two coexist in the same persons. It is no longer possible to conceive of such a status as citizenship of a State unconnected with citizenship of the United States, or of citizenship of the United States, with a residence in a State, unconnected with citizenship of the State. The States cannot naturalize; the act of naturalization by the United States is the grant of citizenship within the State where the naturalized person resides. It is only in the Territories and other places over which the State has ceded exclusive jurisdiction to the United States that there can be a citizenship of the United States unconnected with citizenship of a State. There are in the United States system: 1. The several bodies of electors which compose the several States, in their character of sovereign and independent political communities, united as such by the constitution, and which are alone invested with political rights and charged with political duties. 2. The several bodies of citizens, which compose the several States in their character of separate civil societies, each of which bodies is immediately subject to the government and entitled to the protection of the particular State to which it belongs, but does not necessarily have a voice or share in the government, state or federal.