the release which a competent authority, cantonal and communal, gives him. But this emancipation from the ties which bind him to the state is not granted until the proof exists, in due form, of the acquisition of citizenship in a foreign country.” It is manifest that the entrance to and exit from Swiss citizenship is by no means through a broad and open door. The firm tie which binds him with “hoops of steel” to his country is not loosed by the mere acquisition of citizenship in another country; but proof must be submitted that he was under no disability at the time of doing so, and that he is in the full enjoyment of all the civil rights of his adopted country. In the event of a member of a Commune moving to another Canton, who does not thereby divest himself of his original communal citizenship, and fails to secure membership in the Commune where he settles (for one may become a member of several Communes), he assumes a citizenship of a twofold nature, and therefore, as explained in the chapter on “Communes,” there exist in many Communes two governments,--a citizens’ government and a political government, distinguished as the community of citizens and the community of inhabitants or settlers. This principle also results in a dual national citizenship, and consequently conflicting claims of correlative rights and duties. To provide against embarrassing contingencies that might arise from this situation on the part of Swiss who have acquired citizenship in a foreign state,--without the required formal and expressed voluntary declaration of renunciation, with its equally formal and expressed acceptance to render it valid,--the federal law of 1846 declares that “persons who, in addition to Swiss citizenship, are citizens of a foreign country, are not entitled to the privileges and the protection accorded to Swiss citizens, during their residence in such a foreign state.”