beyond simple liberty in her contest with her ancient masters, and had continued to cherish pure and healthful feelings. When peace had crowned their heroic struggles, their warlike spirit sought in foreign states the excitement and military glory which were denied them at home. The cravings of avarice and the thirst of plunder are inseparable from the pride of victory. While the hardy mountaineers exulted in the defeat and humiliation of Austrian chivalry, they purchased their triumph, for a time at least, at the expense of the simplicity of their nature. They accepted the dangers and privations of soldiers fighting battles in which their own country bore no part. They became the ready agents of the highest paymaster. These military capitulations dated from the period of the Burgundian war. Treaties were often concluded between foreign governments and one or more Cantons.[66] They made a trade of war, letting themselves out as mercenaries. The Holy Father himself entered the list of bargainers, and in 1503 Pope Julius III. engaged the first of those Swiss life-guards whose name became famous in Europe. From Louis XI. to Louis XV. the Swiss are said to have furnished for the French service over half a million men. In the wars between the French king and the Emperor Maximilian, in 1516, the Swiss fought on both sides. In its last extremity, it was neither in its titled nobility nor its native armies that the French throne found fidelity, but in the free-born peasant soldiers of Luzern. Of the undaunted ranks of the Swiss guard, defending the French royal family at the Tuileries on the 10th of August, 1792, seven hundred and eighty-six officers and soldiers fell in the place where they stood, unconquered even in death; and for two days their bodies lay in the gardens of the palace and the streets near by, exposed to the derision and insults of the frantic populace. “Go, stranger! and at Lacedæmon tell That here, obedient to her laws, we fell.” To their memory a colossal lion, twenty-eight feet long by eighteen feet high, carved by Thorwaldsen out of the face of a solid sandstone rock, in high relief, was dedicated in 1821 at Luzern. The lion is holding the _fleur-de-lis_ in his paws, which he is endeavoring to protect, though mortally wounded by a spear which still remains in his side. Above the figure is the inscription: “_Helvetiorum fidei ac virtuti_.” When the afternoon sun falls upon this effigy, it is reflected beautifully in the dark pool close below; the gray rock rises perpendicularly some little height above and ends in a crown of acacias and drooping bushes and creepers.