From the dawn of the Reformation there was produced a material change, and its effects were chiefly visible in the improvement of moral feeling and the growing aversion to this mercenary service. The Constitution of 1848 altogether swept away this system of military capitulations. At the time of the adoption of the constitution there was only one such convention in force, being that of the King of Naples and several of the Cantons; but public sentiment was so greatly aroused by their participation in the defeat of the revolution, that the Cantons were compelled to recall them, and thus the last of these capitulations came to an end. There were certain bodies of troops who, bearing the Swiss name or composed for the most part of Swiss soldiers, still continued to fight for foreign governments; and to prevent this, as far as possible, a federal law in 1859 prohibited every Swiss citizen from entering, without the consent of the Federal Council, those bodies of foreign troops which were not regarded as national troops of the respective states. This did not hinder individual citizens from enrolling themselves in the national troops of a foreign state. To further avoid any complication of foreign relations through such military connection, the cantonal constitutions first forbade the reception of pensions and titles from foreign states; and a similar provision was embodied in the federal Constitution of 1874, whereby “members of the federal government, civil and military officials of the Confederation, and federal representatives or commissioners, shall not accept from foreign governments any pension, salary, title, present, or decoration. Decorations shall not be worn in the Swiss army, nor shall titles conferred by foreign governments be borne. Every officer, under-officer, and soldier shall be forbidden to accept any such distinction.” The first approach towards the establishment of a federal army was after Swiss independence had been recognized at the peace of Westphalia, when the Confederation in 1648 adopted an arrangement called the “_Defensional_,” by which, in case of urgent danger, the Federal Diet could call upon the several Cantons to supply troops for the general defence, in such numbers as were stipulated. In 1848 it was proposed that the Confederation should be charged with the entire military administration. This was rejected. In 1874 the effort was renewed, and this most important power was substantially vested in the Confederation by the constitution adopted that year, which contains the following provisions: Every Swiss is subject to military service. Each soldier receives without expense his first equipment, clothing, and arms. The arms remain in possession of the soldier, under conditions prescribed by federal legislation. The Confederation enacts uniform laws on fees for exemption from military service: The federal army consists: 1. Of the cantonal military corps.