attendant upon this is found to exercise a marked beneficial effect on the education of the peasantry. The teachers of the primary schools are nominated by the school inspectors and elected by the Communal Assembly. Teachers of the higher schools are appointed by the Cantonal Director of Education and confirmed by the Board of Educational Department. They are elected for a term of six years, and after service on a differential scale are retired on a pension of not less than one-half of their salary at the time of their retirement. Each Commune decides for itself whether male or female teachers shall be employed. The teachers are trained for a period of four years in one of the cantonal normal schools. In the Grisons and Neuchâtel, normal schools are attached to the secondary schools, but in the Cantons of Zurich, Bern, Luzern, Schwyz, Freiburg, Solothurn, St. Gallen, Aargau, Thurgau, Ticino, Vaud, and Valais separate establishments exist. The students are usually lodged and boarded at the actual cost; and free and half-free places are open for those unable to pay in full. Each Commune must pay to the primary school-teacher a minimum salary of 550 francs, but these salaries will run from 600 to 1000 francs, with free lodging and fuel, the latter being an important item of expense. Those in the larger towns receive from 1200 to 1700 francs, secondary school-teachers are paid from 2200 to 2500 francs, and teachers in the gymnasiums an average of 3300 francs. The Cantons assist the Communes in augmenting the lower salaries and in the payment of the pensions. After thirty years of service, or in case of disability or illness contracted in the line of professional duty, teachers may retire on the pension above indicated. In some Cantons, after five years of service, 100 francs are added to the salary, and an additional 100 for each _quinquennium_. In Basel a female teacher, after ten years of service, is entitled to a supplemental salary of 250 francs per annum; after fifteen years, 357 francs per annum, and then on voluntary retirement, after fifteen years of service, a pension for life equal to two per cent. on the amount she was being paid at time of retirement. Thus the Swiss teacher has pragmatic rights,--that is, he has a legal claim to a fixed salary, and to a retiring pension in case of age or illness. The Swiss teacher is to his pupil a father and companion. He leads and assists on the play-ground the same as he does in the school-room; a free and unrestrained companionship, beautiful as it is beneficial, unmixed with foolish fondness or paternal pride. Together they will run and leap and laugh and dance and sing as well as learn. The hours of study past, the pupil and teacher wander to the forests and the field; together pluck wild flowers and plants; together climb the hills, cross lakes and streams, searching for curious rocks and plants, learning again from them the lessons of the day. This is the