spirit of scientific knowledge among the masses of its workers. It is only by the practical application of such knowledge to industrial processes that a country can hope to hold its own in the struggle of national competition. The genius of invention has succeeded in producing by machinery cheap and serviceable imitations of almost every necessary of life, hitherto the exclusive product of skilled labor. The artisan is daily becoming more and more the servant of automatic tools. Every industry is tending to centralization in a few hands, and from human to mechanical hands. If the workshop is to compete successfully with the factory, it must do so by superior taste and finish in that higher sphere of methodical, technical, rational labor whither the finest inventions cannot follow in the domain of thought. It is here, and only here, the laborer can hope to hold his own against the great power he has himself brought forth. It is here the means of increased subsistence must be found. One of the most anxious subjects of public care is to discover methods by which the masses of the people shall be able to maintain themselves in a prosperous, decent, and comfortable condition. In bare, unskilled labor the satisfaction for this want is not to be found. The Swiss have foreseen that the industrial victory must be won on the intellectual field, the association of manual work with technical training and scientific research; and the necessity for that delicacy of touch and accuracy of eye, that have made their mechanics in many departments the best in the world, to be further educated and prepared for supremacy in a field of wider range and more varied scope. In this way art may regain an influence over manufacture, which, though not lost, is certainly jeopardized by the introduction of machinery. The whole tendency of modern trade has been in the direction of wholesale transactions, which, while favoring the hundred and the gross, have neglected the piece or the example. We miss in the manufactures which we turn out the individual touch of the workman, and we have gained a dead level of uninteresting achievement at the expense of intelligence, originality, and variety. The demand for old designs in furniture, or silver or iron work, pushed to undue excess, perhaps, by the caprice of fashion, is after all a healthy protest against the monotonous and mindless excellence of the machine-made article. There is a difference between learning a trade and learning the principles of a trade. The object is not always to teach the “technic” of an industry, because that can be done only in the workshop, but it may be to teach the science and art upon which all technics are really based. Manual training is of course training to manual labor, which has been called the “study of the external world.” While in all technical education the sciences and arts must be illustrated by practical examples, the main object is to so instruct masters and workmen