19. The administration of justice remains with the Cantons, save as affected by the powers of the Federal Tribunal. 20. The Cantons may, by correspondence, exercise the right of initiative as to measures in either council of the Federal Assembly. The duty of the federal government to intervene for the enforcement of its guarantee of the “constitutional rights of citizens” in the Cantons has been declared by the Federal Council in these words: “When complaints are made regarding the violation of the constitution in a Canton, and these are brought before the federal authorities, the latter become in duty bound to investigate them and to form a decision as to their foundation or want of foundation, and as to necessary further regulations. For the Confederation guarantees the constitutional rights of the citizen as well as the rights of the authorities. The earlier articles of union also guaranteed the constitutions, but this guarantee was otherwise explained, and many complaints of unconstitutional proceedings and circumstances were raised and disregarded. It was desired that these should be no longer endured, and there was demanded an effective guarantee against violations of the constitution. Thus arose Article 5 of the federal constitution, which guaranteed with almost pedantic care the rights of the nation and the constitutional rights of the citizen. It would, in fact, be a remarkable relapse into the old view and order of things, a striking denial of the principles contained in Article 5, if we were to assume that, in case of a formally presented complaint, the federal authorities were free to interfere or not. We hold rather that in such cases the federal authorities are obliged to take up the complaints and render a decision regarding them.” If a cantonal law violates the federal constitution or a federal law, the Federal Tribunal will declare it invalid; but in some cases recourse must be had to the Federal Council. The protection guaranteed by the constitution applies to disturbances of the peace within a Canton, to attacks of one Canton on another, or to a foreign attack. The appeal, as a rule, is to the Federal Council, exceptionally to other Cantons; with the existing facilities for communication with the Federal Council, aid is now demanded exclusively from that body. This feature in the relation of the general government to the Canton, and Canton to Canton, is very different from that of the United States to the State, and State to State. The State is more independent than the Canton of this external interference. It is not obliged to obey the summons of any other State for help; it has, in fact, no right to render any such aid. The government in the United States may not intervene even to preserve order in a State except on the request of the legislature or the executive of the State.