2. “Friend, if indeed, escaping from this war, we were destined thereafter to an ageless and deathless life, then neither would I fight in the van nor set thee in the press of glorious battle. But now, since death in a thousand kinds stands everywhere against us, which no man shall fly from nor elude, we go; either we shall give glory to another, or he to us.”—Sarpedon’s speech, _Iliad_, xii. 322-8. 3. General consent.—The well-known philosophic doctrine, that what all men unite in believing must be true, which has so often been made the basis of arguments against Skepticism in various forms. CHAPTER VIII. 1. See chap. IV. i. 2. He drew water by night for his gardens, and studied philosophy in the day.—_Diog. Laert._ [Upton.] 3. A most characteristic feature of the whole Stoic school was its treatment of ancient mythology and legend. These things were closely and earnestly studied, with a constant view to the deeper meanings that underlay the vesture of fable, an attitude which contrasts very favorably with Plato’s banishment of the poets from his Republic for “teaching false notions about the Gods.” CHAPTER IX. 1. Gyara, an island in the Ægean, used as a penal settlement. CHAPTER X. 1. _The captain ... the driver_—literally, “to him who has knowledge” (of the given art). 2. Liberator—καρπιστής. The person appointed by law to carry out the ceremony of the manumission of slaves. CHAPTER XI. 1. This chapter seems to me to contain a truth expressed so baldly and crudely as to appear a falsehood. The reader’s mind will be fixed upon the truth or falsehood according as he is or is not capable of reading Epictetus with understanding. 2. This earthen lamp was sold, according to Lucian, at the death of Epictetus for 3,000 drachmæ (about £120).—_Adv. Indoct._ 13. CHAPTER XIII. 1. Parodying a verse of Euripides on the stream of Dirce in Bœotia. The Marcian aqueduct brought water to Rome. 2. I adopt Upton’s conjecture for the inexplicable ἐν βοὸς κοιλίᾳ. CHAPTER XVIII. 1. An eminent Cynic (also mentioned by Seneca and Tacitus). CHAPTER XXV. 1. This is the reading of one of the Christian Paraphrases. The other versions add the words πρὸς ἀλλήλους after ἐξ ὧν ὀυ διαφερόμεθα, giving the sense “from things in which we do not differ from each other.” It is no uncommon thing for all the versions of Epictetus to unite in a manifestly corrupt reading, and though in this case the received text is not an impossible one, I have thought myself justified in following the variant of the Paraphrase. CHAPTER XXVII. 1. There is an allusion to this curious feature of the Olympic contests in the Fourth Idyll of Theocritus. Casaubon (_Lect. Theocr._ ad Idyll. 4) quoted by Schweighäuser, in his note on this passage (_Diss._ III. xv. 4), shows from Festus Pompeius that there was a statue in the Capitol of a youth bearing a spade after the manner of the Olympic combatants.