It would be natural, and in some respects desirable, to call these
foundations of geometry by the name "assumptions," since they are simply
statements that are assumed to be true. The real foundation principles
cannot be proved; they are the means by which we prove other statements.
But as with most names of men or things, they have received certain
titles that are time-honored, and that it is not worth the while to
attempt to change. In English we call them axioms and postulates, and
there is no more reason for attempting to change these terms than there
is for attempting to change the names of geometry[42] and of
algebra.[43]
Since these terms are likely to continue, it is necessary to
distinguish between them more carefully than is often done, and to
consider what assumptions we are justified in including under each. In
the first place, these names do not go back to Euclid, as is ordinarily
supposed, although the ideas and the statements are his. "Postulate" is
a Latin form of the Greek [Greek: aitema] (_aitema_), and appears only
in late translations. Euclid stated in substance, "Let the following be
assumed." "Axiom" ([Greek: axioma], _axioma_) dates perhaps only from
Proclus (fifth century A.D.), Euclid using the words "common notions"
([Greek: koinai ennoiai], _koinai ennoiai_) for "axioms," as Aristotle
before him had used "common things," "common principles," and "common
opinions."
The distinction between axiom and postulate was not clearly made by
ancient writers. Probably what was in Euclid's mind was the Aristotelian
distinction that an axiom was a principle common to all sciences,
self-evident but incapable of proof, while the postulates were the
assumptions necessary for building up the particular science under
consideration, in this case geometry.[44]
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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