6. _All straight angles are equal._ It is possible to prove this, and
therefore, from the standpoint of strict logic, it is unnecessary as a
postulate. On the other hand, it is poor educational policy for a
beginner to attempt to prove a thing that is so obvious. The attempt
leads to a loss of interest in the subject, the proposition being (to
state a paradox) hard because it is so easy. It is, of course, possible
to postulate that straight angles are equal, and to draw the conclusion
that their halves (right angles) are equal; or to proceed in the
opposite direction, and postulate that all right angles are equal, and
draw the conclusion that their doubles (straight angles) are equal. Of
the two the former has the advantage, since it is probably more obvious
that all straight angles are equal. It is well to state the following
definite corollaries to this postulate: (1) _All right angles are
equal_; (2) _From a point in a line only one perpendicular can be drawn
to the line_, since two perpendiculars would make the whole (right
angle) equal to its part; (3) _Equal angles have equal complements,
equal supplements, and equal conjugates_; (4) _The greater of two
angles has the less complement, the less supplement, and the less
conjugate._ All of these four might appear as propositions, but, as
already stated, they are so obvious as to be more harmful than useful to
beginners when given in such form.
The postulate of parallels may properly appear in connection with that
topic in Book I, and it is accordingly treated in Chapter XIV.
There is also another assumption that some writers are now trying to
formulate in a simple fashion. We take, for example, a line segment
_AB_, and describe circles with _A_ and _B_ respectively as centers, and
with a radius _AB_. We say that the circles will intersect as at _C_ and
_D_. But how do we know that they intersect? We assume it, just as we
assume that an indefinite straight line drawn from a point inclosed by a
circle will, if produced far enough, cut the circle twice. Of course a
pupil would not think of this if his attention was not called to it, and
the harm outweighs the good in doing this with one who is beginning the
study of geometry.
With axioms and with postulates, therefore, the conclusion is the same:
from the standpoint of scientific geometry there is an irreducible
minimum of assumptions, but from the standpoint of practical teaching
this list should give place to a working set of axioms and postulates
that meet the needs of the beginner.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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