The telephone, the microphone & the phonographDu Moncel, Th., comte
History
The telephone, the microphone & the phonograph
Du Moncel, Th., comte
Microphone; Phonograph; Telephone
‘The sensitiveness of the telephone is indeed exquisite. We see how
much it exceeds that of the galvanoscopic frog’s leg, and I have
thought of employing it as a galvanoscope. It is very difficult to
study the muscular and nervous currents with a galvanometer of 30,000
turns, because the instrument is deficient in instantaneous action,
and the needle, on account of its inertia, cannot display the rapid
succession of electric variations, such as are effected, for example,
in a muscle thrown into electric convulsion. The telephone is free
from this inconvenience, and it responds by vibration to each electric
change, however rapid it may be. The instrument is therefore well
adapted for the study of electric tetanus in the muscle. It is certain
that the muscular current will excite the telephone, since this current
excites the nerve, which is less sensitive than the telephone. But for
this purpose some special arrangement of the instrument is required.
‘It is true that the telephone can only reveal the variations of an
electric current, however faint they may be; but I have been able, by
the use of a very simple expedient, to reveal by its means the presence
of a continuous current, also of extreme faintness. I send the current
in question into the telephone, and, to obtain its variations, I
break this current mechanically with a tuning-fork. If no current is
traversing the telephone, it remains silent. If, on the other hand,
the faintest current exists, the telephone vibrates in unison with the
tuning-fork.’
Professor Eick, of Wurzburg, has also used the telephone for
physiological researches, but in a direction precisely opposite to
that explored by M. d’Arsonval. He ascertained that when the nerves of
a frog were placed in connection with a telephone, they were forcibly
contracted when anyone was speaking into the instrument, and the
force of the contractions chiefly depended on the words pronounced.
For instance, the vowels _a_, _e_, _i_ produced hardly any effect,
while _o_ and especially _u_ caused a very strong contraction. The
words _Liege still_, pronounced in a loud voice, only produced a faint
movement, while the word _Tucker_, even when spoken in a low voice,
strongly agitated the frog. These experiments, reminding us of those
by Galvani, were necessarily based on the effects produced by the
induced currents developed in the telephone, and they show that if this
instrument is a more sensitive galvanoscope than the nerve of a frog,
the latter is more susceptible than the most perfect galvanometer.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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