Furthermore, the sphere of the _moral_ is to be determined by another important limitation. Not all the actions of men are personal and responsible acts. Sensation is not a voluntary operation. When the external object is brought into proper relation with the animated organism, perception necessarily occurs. The intuitive apperceptions of the reason are impersonal; when a change transpires, the reason necessarily affirms the existence of a cause. Reflex nervous action is involuntary. Many muscular movements are spontaneous, but not volitional. A responsible action is an _intentional_ action--that is, an act performed to realize an end which lies within the agent's contemplation. Spontaneity or self-determination only thereby becomes _will_. A moral act is consequently a premeditated, intentional, voluntary act, and the merit or demerit of an agent is as his actual intention. The last and most important limitation of the moral sphere is to those voluntary actions which have relation to personality, human and Divine. "The peculiar distinction of moral actions, moral character, moral principles, moral habits, as contrasted with the intellectual and other parts of man's nature, lies in this, that they always imply a relation between two persons."[513] Morality is the relation of person to person. We sum up what has been said in the preceding paragraphs in these words: The moral government of God is a _legislation_ which has respect to personality, especially the relations of person to person; and it is an _administration_ under which the subjects have power to resist and violate its requirements, but which is provided with ample means to vindicate its authority, and maintain the moral order of the universe. II. _The subjective conditions of moral government._--It will be apparent from what has been already said that the following conditions are essential to moral government: (1.) The subject of moral government must be _intelligent_. He must be able to understand the Divine requirements, to perceive their inherent rightness, and to feel the sense of obligation to comply therewith. He must also be susceptible of certain pleasurable or painful _emotions_ which follow as the direct consequences of his actions, and secure an adequate retribution. In a word, he must have a moral consciousness, or, briefly, a _conscience_. (2.) The subject of moral government must be a _free power_. He must be the efficient cause of his own action, and he must be conscious of this power of self-determination--that is, he must be conscious of power to put forth, in the same unchanged circumstances, either of several volitions. In short, he must have a _free will_.