There would be no need, under this system, that electors of either class should be required to limit their choice of representatives to members of their own class. Each body of electors would be free to fix their choice on the men who possessed their confidence, wherever such might be found. This would further help to stamp out the antagonisms which are excited by the separate corporate representation of both classes. Men would be appointed who would need no special protection against dismissal. But the representatives of the workers when chosen out of the midst of the working electorate might still receive daily pay and defrayment of travelling expenses. If this were entered to the account of the unions which direct the election through members of the managing committee, and if charged _pro rata_ of the electors appointed, a sufficient safeguard would be provided against the temptation to protract the sessions or to bribe professional electors. The foregoing sketch of the executive and representative development of the organisation of Labour Protection in the direction of united, simple, uniform, specialized organisation of the whole aggregate of aids to labour, ought at least to deserve some attention. Provided that the upward progress of our civilisation continues generally, this quite modern, hitherto unheard of, development of boards and representative bodies, even if only brought about piecemeal, will eventually be brought to completion, and will effect appreciable results in the State and in society. Some of the best forms of special boards, _i.e._ special representative bodies are already making their appearance, _e.g._ the "Labour Secretariats" in Switzerland, the American "Boards of Labour," and the Russian "Factory Courts" under the governments of St. Petersburg, Moscow, and Vladimir (Act of June 23, 1868). CHAPTER XIII. INTERNATIONAL LABOUR PROTECTION. Years and years elapsed before the first supporters of international protection received any recognition. Then immediately before the assembling of the Berlin Conference, the idea began to take an enormous hold on the public mind. Switzerland demanded a conference on the subject. Prince Bismark refused it. The Emperor William II. made an attempt towards it by summoning an international convention to discuss questions of Labour Protection. The inner springs of the movement for international Labour Protection are not, and have not been, the same everywhere.