The question was brought before the German Reichstag, on the representation of Saxony, in 1886. Petitions from twenty-one district sick clubs in the chief district of Zwickau demanded the withdrawal of the legal three weeks assistance of unmarried women after childbirth, on the ground that this was calculated to promote an increase in the number of illegitimate births. The petitions were accompanied by statistics of each club showing that the funds were actually called in to assist more unmarried than married women. No information however was given as to the proportion between married and unmarried women members of the club, an omission which rendered the statistics worthless. Moreover the conditions existing in Zwickau are hardly typical of German industry as a whole. A general collection and examination of statistics of sick funds must be made, and possibly the necessary information may be obtained by comparison of the numbers of births during the periods before and since the introduction of Insurance against sickness, and especially in such districts as had no free clubs, before the introduction of Insurance, for the assistance of women after child-birth. Probably it will be found that the increase in the number of illegitimate births is not due to the assistance granted after child-birth by the official sick fund, if we take into consideration that in the district mentioned the assistance granted during the three weeks only amounted to from 7 to 12 marks, generally to less than 10 marks. "If," says _Hitze_, "the meagre sum of the assistance granted could lead to an increase of illegitimate births, this fact would be more shocking than the number itself." I take it that the root of the evil lies, not in the lying-in-fund, but in the destruction of family life and sexual morality by the employment of women in factories. 5. _Prohibition of employment of women and children in work underground._ This prohibition is claimed in the interests of family life, of morality, and of the care of the weaker portion of the working class. The enforcement of this prohibition comes within the province of the police in the mining districts, and of the industrial inspectorate. But it is probably best that it should be legally formulated. The extension of the prohibition to all women is recommended generally in the resolutions of the Berlin Conference, and the work has already been commenced in the _von Berlepsch_ Bill. The enforcement of the measure will meet with some difficulties in the mines of Upper Silesia, but it will also remedy serious evils. The force of public opinion is insufficient to prevent the employment of women in work underground. The very necessary demand for prohibition of employment of women in work on high buildings, follows on the prohibition of their employment underground. Such employment is almost completely excluded by custom. CHAPTER VII. EXCEPTIONS TO PROTECTIVE LEGISLATION.