See, for example, Ohnefalach-Richter’s _Kypros_, Tafel-Band, pl. lxxxii., figures 7, 8; Donaldson’s _Architectural Medals of Classic Antiquity_, pp. 105–109; Von Löher and Joyner’s _Cyprus: Historical and Descriptive_, p. 153 f., Perrot and Chipiez’s _History of Art in Phœnicia and Cyprus_, I., 123, 276 f., 281, 284, 331 f.; W. Robertson Smith’s _Religion of the Semites_, p. 191. Footnote 609: Compare W. Robertson’s Smith’s _Religion of the Semites_, p. 437 f. Footnote 610: Exod. 34 : 12–15; Deut. 7 : 5. Footnote 611: Deut. 16 : 21, 22. Footnote 612: There seems, indeed, to be a connection between the Hebrew words, _miphtan_, “threshold,” and _pethen_, “asp,” “adder,” or “serpent,” as first pointed out to me by Mr. Montague Cockle. Although the verbal root is not preserved in the Hebrew, there is no valid reason for doubting that they go back to the same root. In Arabic, the verb is preserved as _pathana_, “to tempt.” Its derivatives indicate the same meaning. This would seem to confirm the connection of the primitive threshold, the serpent, and temptation. In Leland’s _Etruscan Roman Remains_ (p. 131 f.) are citations from several ancient works, and references to current Italian traditions, showing the supposed connection of the serpent with the threshold, the phallus, and married life, that are in obvious confirmation of the views here expressed. Footnote 613: See p. 109 f., _supra_; also, Schrader’s _Keilinschriftliche Bibliothek_, Vol. III., Pt. 2, p. 72 f. Footnote 614: See, for example, Rawlinson’s _Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia_, III., p. 45. Footnote 615: See Erman’s _Life in Anc. Egypt_, p. 60. Footnote 616: _Ibid._, p. 259, vignette illustration. Footnote 617: See Wilkinson’s _Anc. Egypt._, III., 235, pl. lv., fig. 2. Prisse’s _Mon. Egypt_, pl. xxxvii.; also Layard’s _Nineveh and its Remains_, p. 169 (Am. ed.), and W. Max Müller’s _Asien und Europa_, p. 314. Footnote 618: See Perrot and Chipiez’s _History of Art in Chaldea and Assyria_, I., 349 f. See, also, Layard’s _Monuments_, Series ii., pl. 5, for representation of the conflict between Marduk and Tiamat. The serpent is there shown on the feminine Tiamat where it appears on the masculine Nergal. Footnote 619: See Maspero’s _Dawn of Civilization_, pp. 690–696; Sayce’s _Relig. of Anc. Babylonia_, p. 286. Footnote 620: See Sayce’s _Relig. of Anc. Babylonia_, pp. 281–283; Wilkinson’s _Anc. Egypt._, III., 141–155; Fergusson’s _Tree and Serpent Worship_, pp. 5–72; Squier’s _Serpent Symbol_, pp. 137–254; Réville’s _Native Religions of Mexico and Peru_, pp. 29–32, 53, 166. Footnote 621: See Wilkins’s _Hindu Mythology_, p. 99. Footnote 622: See Wilkins’s _Hindu Mythology_, p. 218. Footnote 623: Maurice’s _Indian Antiq._, V. 182 f. Footnote 624: _Ibid._, V. Footnote 625: