[41] The importance of gratifying the longings of pregnant women appears in the legends of the Malay Peninsula. See _Wilkinson_, Malay Beliefs, p. 46 (London, 1906). _Hildebrandt_ states that the Indian law books such as Yajñavalkya (III, 79) make it a duty to fulfill the wishes of a woman at this time, since otherwise the embryo would be exposed to injury. Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics, Vol. II, p. 650. [42] See Traditions of the Tinguian, this volume, No. 1, pp. 124, 185. [43] See _op. cit_., p. 105. [44] See _op. cit_., pp. 144, _et seq_. [45] See _op. cit_., p. 18. [46] See Traditions of the Tinguian, this volume, No. 1, p. 180. [47] To produce a miscarriage, a secret liquor is made from the bark of a tree. After several drinks of the brew, the abdomen is kneaded and pushed downward until the foetus is discharged. A canvass of forty women past the child-bearing age showed an average, to each, of five children, about 40 per cent of whom died in infancy. Apparently about the same ratio of births is being maintained at present. [48] The gifts vary according to the ceremony. For this event, the offerings consist of a Chinese jar with earrings fastened into the handles--"ears"--, a necklace of beads and a silver wire about its neck; a wooden spoon, a weaving stick, and some bone beads. [49] This is known as _palwig_. [50] This action is called _tolgi_. [51] In the San Juan district _Gipas_ is a separate two-day ceremony, which takes place about nine months after the birth. In Baak a part of the _Dawak_ ceremony goes by this name. [52] This is known as _inálson_, and is "such a blanket as is always possessed by a spirit." See p. 313. [53] This is also the method of delivery among the Kayan of Borneo. See _Hose_ and _McDougall_, The Pagan Tribes of Borneo, Vol. II, p. 154 (London, 1912), also _Cole_, The Wild Tribes of Davao District, Mindanao (Field Museum of Natural History, Vol. XII. No. 2, p. 100). _Skeat_ (Malay Magic, p. 334, London, 1900) describes a similar method among the Malay. [54] Among the Bukidnon and Bila-an of Mindanao a bamboo blade is always employed for this purpose. The same is true of the Kayan of Borneo. _Hose_ and _McDougall_, _op. cit._, Vol. II, p. 155; _Cole_, _op. cit._, p. 143. [55] Traditions of the Tinguian, this volume, No. 1, p. 185. It is also the belief of the Peninsular Malay that the incidental products of a confinement may be endowed with life (_Wilkinson_, Malay Beliefs, p. 30). [56] The character e, which appears frequently in the native names, is used to indicate a sound between the obscure vowel _e_, as in sun, and the _ur_, in burrow. [57] The number of days varies somewhat in different sections, and is generally longer for the first child than for the succeeding.