[14] Spinello’s works, according to Vasari, extended from 1334 till late in the century. A religious picture of his at Siena is assigned to 1385, so the frescoes may probably be of about the same period. Of the battle represented I can find no record. [15] Engraved in Jal, i. 330; with other mediæval illustrations of the same points. [16] To these Casoni adds _Sifoni_ for discharging Greek fire; but this he seems to take from the Greek treatise of the Emperor Leo. Though I have introduced Greek fire in the cut at p. _49_, I doubt if there is evidence of its use by the Italians in the thirteenth century. Joinville describes it like something strange and new. In after days the artillery occupied the same position, at the bow of the galley. Great beams, hung like battering rams, are mentioned by Sanudo, as well as iron crow’s-feet with fire attached, to shoot among the rigging, and jars of quick-lime and soft soap to fling in the eyes of the enemy. The lime is said to have been used by Doria against the Venetians at Curzola (_infra_, p. _48_), and seems to have been a usual provision. Francesco Barberini specifies among the stores for his galley: “_Calcina_, con lancioni, Pece, pietre, e ronconi” (p. 259). And Christine de Pisan, in her _Faiz du Sage Roy Charles_ (V. of France), explains also the use of the soap: “_Item_, on doit avoir pluseurs vaisseaulx legiers à rompre, comme _poz plains de chauls_ ou pouldre, et gecter dedens; et, par ce, seront comme avuglez, au brisier des poz. _Item_, on doit avoir autres _poz de mol savon_ et gecter es nefzs des adversaires, et quant les vaisseaulx brisent, le savon est glissant, si ne se peuent en piez soustenir et chiéent en l’eaue” (pt. ii. ch. 38). [17] _Balistariæ_, whence no doubt _Balistrada_ and our _Balustrade_. Wedgwood’s etymology is far-fetched. And in his new edition (1872), though he has shifted his ground, he has not got nearer the truth. [18] _Sanutius_, p. 53; _Joinville_, p. 40; _Muntaner_, 316, 403. [19] See pp. 270, 288, 324, and especially 346. [20] See the _Protestant_, cited above, p. 441, _et seqq._ [21] _Venezia e le sue Lagune_, ii. 52. [22] _Mar. Sanut._ p. 75. [23] _Mar. Sanut._, p. 30. [24] The Catalan Admiral Roger de Loria, advancing at daybreak to attack the Provençal Fleet of Charles of Naples (1283) in the harbour of Malta, “did a thing which should be reckoned to him rather as an act of madness,” says Muntaner, “than of reason. He said, ‘God forbid that I should attack them, all asleep as they are! Let the trumpets and nacaires sound to awaken them, and I will tarry till they be ready for action. No man shall have it to say, if I beat them, that it was by catching them asleep.’” (_Munt._ p. 287.) It is what Nelson might have done!