NOTE 4.—Padre Martini long ago pointed out that this _Quelinfu_ is KIEN-NING FU, on the upper part of the Min River, an important city of Fo-kien. In the Fo-kien dialect he notices that _l_ is often substituted for _n_, a well-known instance of which is _Liampoo_, the name applied by F. M. Pinto and the old Portuguese to _Ningpo_. [Mr. Phillips writes (_T. Pao_, I. p. 224): “From Puchêng to Kien-Ning-Foo the distance is 290 _li_, all down stream. I consider this to have been the route followed by Polo. His calling Kien-Ning-Foo, Que-lin-fu, is quite correct, as far as the Ling is concerned, the people of the city and of the whole southern province pronounce Ning, Ling. The Ramusian version gives very full particulars regarding the manufactures of Kien-Ning-Foo, which are not found in the other texts; for example, silk is said in this version to be woven into various stuffs, and further: ‘They also make much cotton cloth of dyed thread which is sent all over Manzi.’ All this is quite true. Much silk was formerly and is still woven in Kien-Ning, and the manufacture of cotton cloth with dyed threads is very common. Such stuff is called Hung Lu Kin ‘red and green cloth.’ Cotton cloth, made with dyed thread, is also very common in our day in many other cities in Fuh-Kien.”—H. C.] In Ramusio the bridges are only “each more than 100 paces long and 8 paces wide.” In Pauthier’s text _each_ is a mile long, and 20 feet wide. I translate from the G. T. Martini describes _one_ beautiful bridge at Kien-ning fu: the piers of cut stone, the superstructure of timber, roofed in and lined with houses on each side (pp. 112–113). If this was over the Min it would seem not to survive. A recent journal says: “The river is crossed by a bridge of boats, the remains of a stone bridge being visible just above water.” (_Chinese Recorder_ (Foochow), August, 1870, p. 65.) NOTE 5.—_Galanga_ or Galangal is an aromatic root belonging to a class of drugs once much more used than now. It exists of two kinds: 1. _Great_ or _Java Galangal_, the root of the _Alpinia Galanga_. This is rarely imported and hardly used in Europe in modern times, but is still found in the Indian bazaars. 2. _Lesser_ or _China Galangal_ is imported into London from Canton, and is still sold by druggists in England. Its botanical origin is unknown. It is produced in Shan-si, Fo-kien, and Kwang-tung, and is called by the Chinese _Liang Kiang_ or “Mild Ginger.” [“According to the Chinese authors the province of Sze-ch’wan and Han-chung (Southern Shen-si) were in ancient times famed for their Ginger. Ginger is still exported in large quantities from Han k’ou. It is known also to be grown largely in the southern provinces.—Galingale is the Lesser or Chinese Galanga of commerce, _Alpinia officinarum_ Hance.” (_Bretschneider, Hist. of Bot. Disc._ I. p. 2. See _Heyd, Com. Levant_, II. 616–618.)—H. C.]