(1) Murder. (2) Communal apostasy from Judaism to idolatry. _Strangling_ was prescribed for six offenses: (1) Adultery. (2) Kidnaping. (3) False prophecy. (4) Bruising a parent. (5) Prophesying in the name of heathen deities. (6) Maladministration (the "Rebellious Elder"). _Burning_ was the death penalty for ten forms of incest--criminal commerce: (1) With one's own daughter. (2) With one's own son's daughter. (3) With one's own daughter's daughter. (4) With one's own stepdaughter. (5) With one's own stepson's daughter. (6) With one's own stepdaughter's daughter. (7) With one's own mother-in-law. (8) With one's own mother-in-law's mother. (9) With one's own father-in-law's mother. (10) With a priest's daughter.[65] _Stoning_ was the penalty for eighteen capital offenses: (1) Magic. (2) Idolatry. (3) Blasphemy. (4) Pythonism. (5) Pederasty. (6) Necromancy. (7) Cursing a parent. (8) Violating the Sabbath. (9) Bestiality, practiced by a man. (10) Bestiality, practiced by a woman. (11) Sacrificing one's own children to Moloch. (12) Instigating individuals to embrace idolatry. (13) Instigating communities to embrace idolatry. (14) Criminal conversation with one's own mother. (15) Criminal conversation with a betrothed virgin. (16) Criminal conversation with one's own stepmother. (17) Criminal conversation with one's own daughter-in-law. (18) Violation of filial duty (making the "Prodigal Son").[66] The crime of _false swearing_ requires special notice. This offense could not be classified under any of the above subdivisions because of its peculiar nature. The Mosaic Code ordains in Deut. xix. 16-21: "If a false witness rise up against any man to testify against him that which is wrong ... and, behold, if the witness be a false witness, and hath testified falsely against his brother; then shall ye do unto him, as he had thought to have done unto his brother ... and thine eye shall not pity, but life shall go for life, eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot." Talmudic construction of this law awarded the same kind of death to him who had sworn falsely against his brother that would have been meted out to the alleged criminal, if the testimony of the false swearer had been true. _Imprisonment_, as a method of punishment, was unknown to the Mosaic Code. Leviticus xxiv. 12 and Numbers xv. 34 seem to indicate the contrary; but the imprisonment therein mentioned undoubtedly refers to the mere detention of the prisoner until sentence could be pronounced against him. Imprisonment as a form of punishment was a creation of the Talmudists who legalized its application among the Hebrews. According to Mendelsohn, five different classes of offenders were punished by _imprisonment_: (1) Homicides; whose crime could not be legally punished with death, because some condition or other, necessary to produce a legal conviction, had not been complied with.