a part of an hostile sort against one branch of his subjects_, and at the same time to _connect him ... with the parliament which he calls a venal parliament_; is that no libel?" Lord Mansfield,--the bitterest enemy of the citizens' right of speech and of the trial by jury,--charged upon the jury, "The question for you to try ... is, whether the _defendant did print_, or publish, or both, a _paper of the tenor_, and of the meaning, so _charged by the information_." "If it is of the tenor and meaning set out in the information, the next consideration is, whether he _did print and publish it_." "If you ... find the defendant not guilty, the fact established by that verdict is, _he did not publish a paper of that meaning_;" "the fact finally established by your verdict, if you find him guilty, is, that _he printed_ and published a _paper, of the tenor_ and of the meaning set _forth in the information_;" "but you do _not give an opinion ... whether it is or not lawful to print a paper_ ... of the tenor and meaning in the information;" "if in point of fact it is innocent, it would be an innocent thing." Thus practically the judge left the jury only one thing to determine, Did Mr. Miller print Junius's letter to the king? That was a fact as notorious as it now is in Boston that the _Daily Advertiser_ supported the fugitive slave bill, and helped its execution, for the letter to the king was there in Mr. Miller's journal as plainly as those defences of the fugitive slave bill were in the _Advertiser_. If the jury said "guilty," the court had the defendant in their claws,--and all the wrath of the most malignant tories would fall on him and rend him in pieces. But the jury fell back on their legitimate function to determine the Fact, the Law, and the Application of the law to the fact, and returned a verdict, Not Guilty, which a great multitude repeated with loud acclaim! * * * * * 7. Next, Gentlemen, I will relate a few cases in which the government set all justice at defiance and clove down the right of speech, commonly packing submissive juries. In 1790 and following years, while the French Revolution was in progress, the thoughtful eyes of England fell on the evils of her own country. America was already a Republic, just recovering from the shock of violent separation from her mother,--young, poor, but not unprosperous, and full of future promise too obvious to escape the sagacious politicians who there saw a cause-- "----with fear of change, Perplexing Kings."