The tribes and castes of the North-Western Provinces and Oudh, Volume 1 (of 4)Crooke, William
History
The tribes and castes of the North-Western Provinces and Oudh, Volume 1 (of 4)
Crooke, William
Caste -- India -- History; Hindus -- India; Tribes -- India -- History
Atraula, on the Râpti, 120 miles away to the east in Gonda, recall
their lost domains in Sandîla.
[Tribal organisation.] 3. In most places they divide themselves into
seven, or what are supposed to be seven exogamous clans. Thus, in
Cawnpur, they have the Arakh, Khagâr, Khidmatiya, Chobdâr and Adhrij
(which is the highest of all, claiming descent from a Brâhman), Guâr
and Bâchhar. These names show that the caste is very much mixed.
Khidmatiya means an “attendant,” and was the title given by Akbar to
his palace guards. Chobdâr means “mace bearer.” Guâr connects them with
the Guâla Ahîrs, and Bâchhar with the Bâchhal Râjputs. In Hardoi they
are reported to have no known sub-divisions. The Census returns give
their chief clans in Shâhjahânpur, Ratanjat; in Cawnpur, Balahar and
Sûpa Bhagat, which connects them with the Doms; in Basti, Maghariya,
and Sarjupâri, or “residents of Maghar and the land beyond the river
Sarju,” respectively; the Jonkiya, in Lucknow, Unâo, Sîtapur, and
Hardoi, who seem to take their name from catching leeches (jonk); in
Hardoi, the Mothi; in Gonda, the Adhrij or Adhurj, Bâgri and Baiswâr.
In Hardoi too they are said to have no permanent tribal council; the
elders merely attend whenever any case comes up for consideration.
[Marriage rules.] 4. The tendency seems to be towards the establishment
of regular exogamous sub-divisions, but these are reported not to be
known in Hardoi, and there the rule of exogamy is that a boy is not
married into a family to which a girl has been given in marriage. A man
can marry the sister of his late wife, but he cannot have two sisters
to wife at the same time. There is a regular ceremony whereby the
newly-married bride is introduced into her husband’s family. His
relatives assemble, eat food cooked by her, and then make her a
present. As a rule they practise monogamy. Polyandry is prohibited;
concubinage with a woman of the tribe in the Dharauna form is
recognised. Marriage is both infant and adult. A wife can be divorced
for infidelity, and after divorce she can live with a man by the
Dharauna form. A widow can marry by Dharauna: the only difference
between this and the regular marriage is that there is no walking round
(bhanwar) the sacred fire. The levirate prevails; but the widow is free
to marry an outsider if she pleases. If her children by the first
marriage are grown up, and she marries a person other than the younger
brother of her late husband, she leaves them with his relations; if the
children are very young she usually takes them to the house of her new
husband, and there they are brought up and supported. When she marries
a stranger she loses all claim on her husband’s estate, which falls to
his children if there are any; if there are no children, to his
associated brethren.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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