[135] Bachofen's work was foreshadowed by an earlier writer, Father Lafiteau, who published his _Moeurs des sauvages americains_ in 1721. _Das Mutterrecht_ was published in 1861. McLennan, ignorant of Bachofen's work, followed immediately after with his account of the Indian Hill Tribes. He was followed by Morgan, with his knowledge of Iroquois, and many other investigators. [136] Lord Avebury, for example, says: "I believe that communities in which women have exercised supreme power were quite exceptional," _Marriage, Totemism and Religion_, p. 51. See also Letourneau, _Evolution of Marriage_, pp. 281-282. [137] In this opinion I am glad to have the support of so high an authority as Mr. Havelock Ellis. See his admirable summary of this question, _Psychology of Sex_, Vol. VI. pp. 390-393; also the essay already referred to, "Changing Status of Women," _Westminster Review_, Oct. 1886. [138] Ratzel, _History of Mankind_, Vol. II. p. 130; see Thomas, _op. cit._, chapter on "Sex and Primitive Industry." [139] Robertson Smith, _Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia_, p. 65. [140] Hoffman, "The Menomini Indians," _Fourteenth Rep. of the Bur. of Am. Ethno._, p. 288. [141] Papers of the _Arch. Inst. of Am._, Vol. II. p. 138. [142] Fison and Howitt, _Native Tribes of Australia_; also _Kamilaroi_ and _Kurnai_, pp. 33, 65, 66. See also Hartland, _op. cit._, Vol. I. p. 294. [143] Letourneau, _op. cit._, pp. 44, 271-274. Thomas, _op. cit._, p. 61. [144] Hartland, _Primitive Paternity_, Vol. II. pp. 155-156, 39-41. [145] Dalton, _Ethnology of Bengal_, p. 54; also Tylor, "The Matriarchal System," _Nineteenth Century_, July 1896, p. 89. [146] Dalton, _op. cit._, p. 63, cited by Hartland. I would suggest that Mr. Bernard Shaw may have had this marriage custom in his mind when he created Ann. See p. 66. [147] This custom prevails, for instance, among the Kharwars and Parahiya tribes, and is common among the Ghasiyas, and is also practised among the Tipperah of Bengal. Among the Santals this service-marriage is used when a girl is ugly or deformed and cannot be married otherwise, while the Badagas of the Nil'giri Hills offer their daughters when in want of labourers. [148] Crooke, _Tribes and Castes_, iii. p. 242. [149] Hartland, _op. cit._, Vol. II. pp. 156, 157. [150] Risley, _The Tribes and Castes of Bengal_, Vol. I. pp. 228, 231. [151] Rivers, _The Todas_; Schrott, _Tras. Ethno. Soc._ (New Series), Vol. VIII. p. 261. [152] Letourneau, quoting Skinner, _Evolution of Marriage_, p. 78.