[82] Havelock Ellis, _Psychology of Sex_, Vol. III. pp. 18-24, has discussed this question at some length. The brief account I have given is a summary of his view. I take this opportunity of gratefully acknowledging the great help I have gained from the illuminating and valuable works of Mr. Ellis. [83] These facts are taken from Mr. J. Lewis Bonhote's _British Birds_. I may add that in many species where the sexes are alike the young are quite different from the parents, a fact which seems to have escaped the notice of those who say that the young birds resemble the female. A very curious instance is furnished by the greater spotted woodpecker, where the sexes are similar, but the female lacks the red crown of the male; and yet the young _of both sexes_ have this red crown. [84] This seems to be the position taken by Professor Geddes and J.A. Thomson in _Evolution of Sex_, pp. 4-5. [85] Several examples are mentioned by Wallace, _Darwinism_, p. 281. He, however, brings them forward in quite a different connection to prove his theory of the protective duller colours of the female birds. [86] My facts of the phalaropes are taken from J. Lewis Bonhote's _British Birds_, pp. 314-315. [87] _Pure Sociology_, p. 331. [88] Epinas, _Soc. animales_, p. 422. [89] Audubon, _Scenes de la Nature_, t. Ier, p. 29. I may say, that at the time of writing this, while staying in the country, I have had an opportunity of watching these bands of female turkeys with their young. Their fear at the approach of the strutting noisy male is very manifest. On such occasions they at once seek shelter. I once saw them fly into a church. The females invariably keep together. I have never seen a single mother with her young. [90] Letourneau, _Evolution of Marriage_, chapter on the "Family among Animals," pp. 29-34, from which these cases are taken. [91] Epinas, _Soc. animales_, p. 443. In this connection I may mention the fact that in Southern Spain, where the women are noted for their love of their children, I have often seen mothers sitting at their doors for several hours, extracting lice from the heads and bodies of their children. I once saw a beautiful _flamenca_ (Sevillian gipsy) performing this task for her lover. [92] Letourneau, _Evolution of Marriage_, p. 32. [93] Darwin, _Descent of Man_, p. 399. [94] _Ibid._, p. 234. [95] _Ibid._, p. 455. [96] J.G. Millais, _Natural History of British Ducks_, pp. 8, 13. PART II HISTORICAL SECTION CONTENTS OF CHAPTER VI THE MOTHER-AGE CIVILISATION I.--_Progress from Lower to Higher Forms of the Family Relationship_