The last group of writers to be examined are those who lived soon after the Apostles. The chief of these are _Polycarp_ of Smyrna, the disciple of St. John, martyred in A.D. 155, when he had been a Christian 86 years; _Ignatius_ of Antioch, also martyred in his old age, about A.D. 110; _Clement_ of Rome, perhaps the companion of St. Paul;[189] and the writers of the so-called _Epistle of Barnabas_, and _Teaching of the Twelve Apostles_. Their dates are not known for certain, but it is now generally admitted by rationalists as well as Christians that they all wrote before A.D. 120, and probably before 110. Thus the _Encyclopædia Biblica_ (article _Gospels_) dates their works, Polycarp 110; Ignatius (7 Epistles) before 110; Barnabas, probably before 100; Clement 95; Teaching 80-100. [Footnote 189: Phil. 4. 3.] Now none of these writers mention the Gospels by _name_; but this is no argument to show that they were not quoting them, because the same writers, when admittedly quoting St. Paul's Epistles, also do it at times, without in any way referring to him. And later Christian writers do precisely the same; the Gospels are often not quoted by name, but their language is continually employed, much as it is by preachers at the present day. If, then, we find in these writers passages similar to those in our Gospels, the inference is that they are quoting from them; and, as a matter of fact, we do find such passages, though they are not numerous. A single example may be given from each. _Polycarp._ 'But being mindful of what the Lord said in His teaching; Judge not, that ye be not judged; forgive, and it shall be forgiven unto you; be merciful, that ye may obtain mercy; with what measure ye mete, it shall be measured to you again; and once more, Blessed are the poor, and those that are persecuted for righteousness' sake, for theirs is the kingdom of God.'[190] [Footnote 190: Polycarp, ch. ii.; Luke 6. 36-38; Matt. 5. 3, 10.] _Ignatius._ 'For I know that after His Resurrection also, He was still possessed of flesh, and I believe that He is so now. When, for instance, He came to those who were with Peter, He said to them, "Lay hold, handle Me, and see that I am not an incorporeal spirit."'[191] [Footnote 191: Ignatius to Smyrnæans, ch. iii.; Luke 24. 39.] _Barnabas._ 'Let us beware lest we be found, as it is written, Many are called, but few are chosen.'[192] [Footnote 192: Barnabas, ch. iv.; Matt. 22. 14.] _Clement._ 'Remember the words of our Lord Jesus Christ, how He said, Woe to that man! It were better for him that he had never been born, than that he should cast a stumbling-block before one of my elect. Yea, it were better for him that a millstone should be hung about (his neck), and he should be sunk in the depths of the sea, than that he should cast a stumbling-block before one of my little ones.'[193] [Footnote 193: Clement, ch. xlvi.; Luke 17. 1. 2.]