The fourth is that parallel passages to the supposed two narratives of the Flood, ascribed to J and P (and which are thought to occur alternately _nineteen_ times in Gen. 7. 8.) have been found _together_ in an old Babylonian story of the Flood, centuries before the time of Moses; and also in layers corresponding to J and P.[73] And this alone seems fatal to the idea that J and P were originally separate narratives that were afterward combined in our Genesis. [Footnote 73: Sayce's Monument Facts, 1904, p. 20; Driver's Book of Genesis, 1905, pp. 89-95, 107.] Of course those who maintain that Moses wrote the Pentateuch, quite admit that he made use of previous documents, one of which, the book of the _Wars of the Lord_, he actually quotes.[74] Nor is it denied that some _additions_ have been made since his time, the most important being the list of kings, who are said to have reigned in Edom _before there reigned any king over the children of Israel_.[75] And this brings the passage down to the time of Saul at least who was Israel's first king. But it is probably a later insertion, since these kings are referred to in a different way from the dukes, who precede and follow them. And the same may be said of a few other passages[76] such as that _the Canaanite was then in the land_, which must clearly have been written after the Israelites conquered the country. But they can all be omitted without breaking the continuity of the narrative. [Footnote 74: Num. 21. 14.] [Footnote 75: Gen. 36. 31-39.] [Footnote 76: Gen. 12. 6; 13. 7; Exod. 16. 36; Deut. 2. 10-12, 20-23; 3. 14.] (3.) _Its laws being unknown in later times._ Passing on now to the third argument for a late date, it is urged that the laws of the Pentateuch cannot really have been written by Moses, since, judging from the other Old Testament Books, they seem to have been _unknown_ for many centuries after his time. But this is scarcely correct, for even the earliest books, Joshua and Judges contain some references to a _written_ law of Moses;[77] while both in Judges and 1 Samuel there are numerous agreements between what is described there, and what is commanded in the Pentateuch.[78] And similar evidence is afforded by the later books, David, for instance, alluding to the _written_ law of Moses, as if it was well known.[79] So in regard to the prophets. Two of the earliest of these are Hosea and Amos; and they both contain frequent points of agreement;[80] as well as one reference to a large number of _written_ laws.[81] [Footnote 77: Joshua 1. 7, 8; 8. 31, 32; 23. 6; 24, 26. Judges 3. 4.] [Footnote 78: Judges 20. 27, 28; 21. 19; 1 Sam. 2. 12-30; 3. 3; 4. 4; 6. 15; 14. 3.] [Footnote 79: 1 Kings 2. 3. 2 Kings 14. 6.] [Footnote 80: Hos. 4. 4-6; 8. 1, 13; 9. 4; 12. 9; Amos 2. 4, 11; 4. 4, 5; 5. 21-25; 8. 5.] [Footnote 81: Hos. 8. 12 (R.V.).]