I intentionally do not here say idea _of_ a horse because the use of the preposition (while, of course, correctly used to distinguish horse as an idea from a material horse, or the former as a particular idea among ideas in general) has led, as it seems to me, insidiously to specious reasoning. Thus Mr. Hoernlé (Image, Idea and Meaning, _Mind_, January, 1907) argues that every idea has a meaning because every idea is an idea _of_ some thing. Although this is true in a descriptive sense, psychologically idea-of-a-horse is a compound term and an imagined horse. The idea itself is horse. The speciousness of the reasoning appears when we substitute horse for idea; then the phrase would read, a “horse is always a horse of something.” I agree, of course, that every idea has a meaning, but not to this particular reasoning by which the conclusion is reached, as when, for example, Mr. Hoernlé when traversing James’ theory cites “image _of_ the breakfast table” to denote that the breakfast table is the meaning of the image. The image _is_ the (imagined) breakfast table. They are not different things as are leg and chair in the phrase, “leg of the chair,” where chair plainly gives the meaning to leg. Footnote 159: R. F. Hoernlé, Image, Idea and Meaning, _Mind_, January, 1907. Footnote 160: Idea, according to Mr. Hoernlé’s context, is here used in the sense of a word, image or sign. Footnote 161: Of course the constituents of the content must vary in each individual instance, but the kind of conscious elements that in general give meaning to the sensory part of the idea can be determined. Footnote 162: P. 462, Lecture XIV. Footnote 163: Prince: The Mechanism of Recurrent Psychopathic States, with Special Reference to Anxiety States, _Journal of Abnormal Psychology_, June-July, 1911, pp. 153-154. Footnote 164: Ibid., p. 152. It is interesting to note that statistics show that traumatic psychoses following railway accidents are comparatively rare among trainmen, while exceedingly common among passengers. The reason is to be found in the difference in the settings of ideas of accidents in the two classes of persons. It is the same psychological difference that distinguishes the seasoned veteran soldier from the raw recruit in the presence of the enemy. LECTURE XI MEANING, SETTING, AND THE FRINGE OF CONSCIOUSNESS