=General psychopathology.=—In the light of all these well-known physiological effects of emotion it is apparent that when an idea possessing a strong emotional tone, such as fear or its variants, enters consciousness, it is accompanied by a complex of physiological reactions. In other words, fear, _as a biological reaction_ of the organism to a stimulus, does not consist of the psychical element alone, but includes a large syndrome of physiological processes. We can, indeed, theoretically construct a schema which would represent the emotional reaction. This schema would undoubtedly vary in detail in particular cases, according to the excitability of the different visceral functions involved in different individuals and to the mixture of the emotions taking part (fear, disgust, shame, anger, etc.). As one type, for instance, of a schema, taking only the most obtrusive phenomena which do not require special technique for their detection, we would have: Fear (or one of its variants, anxiety, apprehension, etc., or a compound emotion that includes fear). Inhibition of thought (confusion). Pallor of the skin. Increased perspiration. Cardiac palpitation. Respiratory disturbances. Tremor. Muscular weakness. Gastric and intestinal disturbances. (Blushing or congestion of the skin would replace pallor if the fear was represented or accompanied by shame or bashfulness, etc. (self-debasement and self-consciousness),[217] or if the affective state was anger.) On the sensory side we would have various paresthesiæ varying with the idiosyncrasies of the individual, and apparently dependent upon the paths through which the emotional energy is discharged: “Thrills.” Feeling of oppression in the chest. Headache. Nausea (with or without vomiting). Pains, fatigue, etc. It is of practical importance to note that attacks of powerful emotions, according to common experience, are apt to be followed by exhaustion; consequently in morbid fears fatigue is a frequent sequela. Physiological Mimicry of Disease. Now, theoretically, one or more of these physiological disturbances might be so obtrusive as to be the predominant feature of the syndrome and to mask the psychical element which might then be overlooked. Gastric and intestinal disturbances, for instance, or cardiac distress, might be so marked as not to be recognized as simply manifestations of an emotion, but be mistaken for true gastric, intestinal, or heart disease. Going one step further, if a person had a frequently recurring fear, as is so common, and the physiological symptoms were obtrusively predominant, these latter would necessarily recur in attacks and, overshadowing the psychical element, might well have all the appearance (both to the subject and the observer) of true disease of the viscera.