The Pollock case was heard twice. The result of the first trial was inconclusive and on the central point the Court divided four to four. After a rehearing, Justice Jackson, who had been ill and not present at the first trial, gave his vote in favor of constitutionality, but in the meantime another justice had changed his opinion and voted against it. By the narrow margin of five to four, then, and under such circumstances, the income tax provision of the Wilson-Gorman act was declared null and void. Probably no decision since the Dred Scott case, with the single exception of the Legal Tender cases, has put the Supreme Court in so unfortunate a light. Certainly in none has it seemed more swayed by class prejudice, and so insecure and vacillating in its opinion. Before the question regarding the constitutionality of the income tax was settled, the Democrats reaped the political results of the Wilson-Gorman tariff act. The law went into force on August 27, 1894; the congressional elections came in November. The Democrats were almost utterly swept out of the House, except for those from the southern states, their number being reduced from 235 to 105. Reed was replaced in the speaker's chair; tariff reform had turned out to be indistinguishable from protection; and the Democracy, after its only opportunity since 1861 to try its hand at government, was demoralized, discredited, and in opposition again. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE The election of 1892 is described in the standard histories of the period, and especially well in Peck. The rise and growth of the Populist movement resulted in a considerable literature of which the following are best: S.J. Buck, _The Agrarian Crusade_ (1920), is founded on wide knowledge of the subject and contains bibliography; F.J. Turner in _The Atlantic Monthly_ (Sept., 1896), gives a brief but keen account; other articles in periodicals are F.E. Haynes, in _Quarterly Journal of Economics_, X, 269, W.F. Mappin, in _Political Science Quarterly_, IV, 433, and F.B. Tracy, in _Forum_, XVI, 240; F.E. Haynes, _Third Party Movements_ (1916), is detailed; M.S. Wildman, _Money Inflation in the United States_ (1905), presents the psychological and economic basis of inflation; J.A. Woodburn, _Political Parties and Party Problems_ (1914); F.L. Paxson, _New Nation_ (1915). Cleveland's administration is well discussed by D.R. Dewey, _National Problems_ (1907), and by H.T. Peck, who also presents an unusual analysis of Cleveland in _The Personal Equation_ (1898). The income tax is best handled by E.R.A. Seligman, _The Income Tax_ (1914). Cleveland's own account of the chief difficulties of the administration are in his _Presidential Problems_. * * * * * [1] Blaine died on Jan. 27, 1893. [2] Below, p. 320, for an account of the strike as an industrial dispute. [3] Below, Chaps. XIII, XIV, XV. [4] Above, Chap. VIII.