Surprisingly little attention has been paid to the social aspects of the growth of the laboring classes before 1896. There is ample material, however, on the more obvious sides of the labor movement, such as the growth of the organizations and the use of the strike. The _Documentary History of American Industrial Society_ (10 vols., 1910-1911), contains a little documentary material on the period after 1865; J.R. Commons and others, _History of Labour in the United States_ (2 vols., 1918), is the best and most recent historical account; T.S. Adams and H.L. Sumner, _Labor Problems_ (1905), is useful; consult also R.T. Ely, _Labor Movement in America_ (3rd ed., 1890); C.D. Wright, _The Industrial Evolution of the United States_ (1897), by a practical expert; G.E. McNeill, _The Labor Movement_ (1887); J.R. Buchanan, _Story of a Labor Agitator_ (1903); S.P. Orth, _The Armies of Labor_ (1919), contains a good bibliography; John Mitchell, _Organized Labor_ (1903); T.V. Powderly, _Thirty Years of Labor_ (1890); _Quarterly Journal of Economics_ (Jan., 1887), Knights of Labor; J.H. Bridge, _Inside History of the Carnegie Steel Co._ (1903). On the Haymarket affair, compare _Century Magazine_ (Apr., 1893), and J.P. Altgeld, _Reasons for Pardoning Fielden, Neebe and Schwab_; on the Pullman strike, Grover Cleveland, _Presidential Problems_, and the report of the commission of investigation in Senate Executive Documents, 53rd Congress, 3rd session, vol. 2 (Serial Number 3276). Edward Stanwood, _History of the Presidency_, contains political platform planks on labor. The reports of the Commissioner of Labor (1886-), and of the state bureaus of statistics of labor in such states as Massachusetts (1870-), and New York (1884-), are essential for the investigator. * * * * * [1] Cf. above, p. 64 [2] Two earlier organizations had a brief existence, the National Labor Union and the Industrial Brotherhood. [3] Above, pp. 133-134. [4] For the effect on the Knights of Labor, see p. 310. [5] For the legal side of this matter, consult Wright, _Industrial Evolution_, 278-282. [6] The Court based its action mainly on the provisions of Section 2 of the Sherman anti-trust law, which thus had an unforeseen effect. The Supreme Court upheld the action, although on broader grounds. Above, p. 256, cf. 159 _U.S. Reports_, 564. [7] In 1893 the "World's Fair" in Chicago had celebrated the four hundredth anniversary of the landing of Columbus, and many of the criminals attracted by the event had remained in the city. CHAPTER XV MONETARY AND FINANCIAL PROBLEMS