The expansion of the press is well exemplified by the use of the telegraph in the spread of information. When Lincoln was nominated for the presidency in 1860, a single telegraph operator was able to send out all the press matter supplied to him. In 1892 at the Democratic convention, the Western Union Telegraph Company had one hundred operators in the hall. Mechanical invention, meanwhile, was able to keep pace with the demand for news. The first Hoe press of 1847 had been so improved by 1871 that it printed ten to twelve thousand eight-page papers in an hour, and twenty-five years later the capacity had been increased between six and sevenfold. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE Nearly all material on party history is so partisan that it should be read with critical scepticism: Francis Curtis, _The Republican Party, 1854-1904_ (2 vols., 1904); J.D. Long, _Republican Party_ (1888); for the Independent attitude, consult _Harper's Weekly_ during the campaign of 1884. As the Republicans were in power most of the time from 1865-1913, there is more biographical and autobiographical material about Republicans than about Democratic leaders. Local studies of political conditions and the social structure of the parties are almost entirely lacking. On the personal side, the following are essential: G.F. Parker, _Writings and Speeches of Grover Cleveland_ (1892); T.E. Burton, _John Sherman_ (1906); J.B. Foraker, _Notes of a Busy Life_ (2 vols., 1916), throws light on the ideals and practices of a politician; G.F. Hoar, _Autobiography of Seventy Years_ (2 vols., 1903), gives the New England Republican point of view; Rollo Ogden, _Life and Letters of E.L. Godkin_ (2 vols., 1907); G.F. Parker, _Recollections of Grover Cleveland_ (1909), is useful, but sketchy, there being as yet no thorough biography of Cleveland; T.C. Platt, _Autobiography_ (1910), interestingly portrays the philosophy of a machine politician, but should be read with care; John Sherman, _Recollections of Forty Years in House, Senate and Cabinet_ (2 vols., 1895); Edward Stanwood, _James G. Blaine_ (1905), is highly favorable to Blaine; W.M. Stewart, _Reminiscences_ (1908), is interesting, partisan and unreliable. For a general estimate of the autobiographical material of the period, consult _History Teachers' Magazine_ (later the _Historical Outlook_), "Recent American History Through the Actors' Eyes," March, 1916. Jesse Macy, _Party Organisation and Machinery_ (1904); M.G. Ostrogorski, _Democracy and Political Parties_ (2 vols., 1902), gives a keen and pessimistic account of American political practices in vol. II; J.A. Woodburn, _Political Parties and Party Problems in the United States_ (1903, and later editions) gives a succinct account in good temper.