This agrees well enough with the general age of from 5 to 10 million
million years that other calculations have assigned to the stars in
general. The calculations thus reinforce one another, and it looks
as if at least two of the pieces of the puzzle were beginning to fit
satisfactorily together. If all the stars in the sky were similar to
the sun, we might feel a good deal of confidence in the conclusions we
have reached.
Unfortunately, difficulties emerge as soon as we discuss the ages of
stars which at present have many times the weight of the sun. The
table on p. 164 shews that a class of stars (spectral type _A_ 0) of
six times the weight of the sun have motions in space which conform
well enough to the law of equipartition of energy. Unless this is a
pure coincidence (and this is unlikely, in view of the fact that other
groups of only slightly less weight conform equally well), we must
assign an age of from 5 to 10 million million years to these very
massive stars. Yet the average star of this weight is emitting about
a hundred times as much radiation as the sun, which means that it is
halving its weight every 150,000 million years. Clearly this process
cannot have gone on for anything like 5 or 10 million million years.
Still more luminous stars present the problem in an even more acute
form. The star _S_ Doradus in the Lesser Magellanic Cloud is at present
emitting 300,000 times as much radiation as the sun. Whereas the sun
is pouring its weight out into space at the rate of 650 Niagaras, _S_
Doradus is pouring it out at the rate of 200,000,000 Niagaras; every 50
million years it loses a weight equal to the total weight of the sun.
It is obviously absurd to imagine that this star can have been losing
weight at this rate for millions of millions of years.
For such a star as _S_ Doradus only two alternatives seem open. Either
it was created quite recently (on the astronomical time-scale), and so
is still at the very beginning of its prodigal youth, or else its loss
of weight has in some way been inhibited through the greater part of
its life. A good many arguments weigh against the hypothesis of recent
creation. The star is a member of a star-cloud in which we should
naturally expect all the members to be of approximately equal age. It
is in a region of space in which there are no indications that stars
are still being born. And, even if we accept the hypothesis of recent
creation for this particular star, we are still at a loss to explain
how the other massive stars, which figure in the table on p. 164,
can be old enough for equipartition of energy to have become already
established.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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