The _Palladium_ was not long without a rival, which came with the establishment of the _Independent_, "a small quarterly of some forty violently written pages," illustrating "not only the bitter feeling between the societies and the independents, but also the hostile attitude of students towards the Faculty." It lasted for just four issues and was succeeded by the _University Magazine_, which quietly died after one gasp, leaving the independents with no representation until 1866 when the _Castalia_ appeared. This survived through five issues, not to appear again until 1890 when the independents revived it as the _Castalian_, also merged in 1893 in the _Michiganensian_. A combination of two publications which followed the old _Castalia_ in 1867, the _University Chronicle_, an eight-page fortnightly of sometimes "rather hot discussions," and the _University Magazine_, which had been a most creditable student enterprise, produced one of the long-standing student papers, the _Chronicle_, the first number of which appeared in September, 1869. For the first few years of its existence, it was one of the best college papers in the country, though it made great capital of the hostile attitude of the students towards the Regents and Professors and undertook to speak boldly of "the evils that have crept into the University through the mismanagement of the Regents." It appeared at first as a large 16-page pamphlet, three columns to the page. At the same time the _Chronicle_ was established, a sophomore annual appeared, _The Oracle_, which had a long and checkered career as a champion of co-education.