all of which the farmer or owner has cognizance of in making his price; (_4_) That in making up land values, account should be taken of: (_a_) The cost of acquiring the land, or expense, (_b_) The cost of the land itself. The reasons are: _I_.—In making a price on a 40-acre farm, the owner does not make two prices, one on land and one on improvements. He arrives at a flat price per acre for the entire farm, and usually asks more per acre for a part than the whole. A man who valued his land at $100 per acre, with improvements, would hardly sell 5 acres from a corner of his land, even for residence purposes, at naked land prices. The 1900 appraisal was based on naked land prices, as estimated by a number of citizens of each county, and this flat rate was used in making figures for the so-called "Market Value of Right-of-Way." It is fair to assume that a railroad company can purchase large tracts of land for gravel pits, or a narrow strip adjoining and widening its existing right of way, at about market prices, as the elements of severance, abutting damages, etc., are absent. Prices for this class of land ought to be, and usually are, lower than those paid for a new right of way. TABLE 2.—COUNTRY LAND.—ADDITIONAL STRIP FOR WIDENING RIGHT OF WAY, GRAVEL PITS, ETC. ═════════╤════════════════════════════════════════╤══════════╤═════════ County. │ Description: Road and purpose. │ Average │ Average │ │per acre, │per acre, │ │ 1900 │transfer. │ │appraisal.│ ─────────┼────────────────────────────────────────┼──────────┼───────── Jackson │Michigan Central. Widening right of way │ $84.47│ $156.08 Kalamazoo│Michigan Central. Additional right of │ 89.41│ 140.00 │ way near Augusta │ │ Kalamazoo│Grand Trunk Western. Additional strip │ 94.59│ 120.50 │ for double tracking │ │ Cass │Michigan Central. Gravel pit │ 84.97│ 94.15 Cass │Grand Trunk Western. Additional strip │ 71.79│ 203.53 │ for double-tracking │ │ Berrien │Michigan Central. Additional right of │ 109.40│ 113.66 │ way │ │ Washtenaw│Michigan Central. Additional right of │ 49.35│ 130.68 │ way │ │ Washtenaw│Ann Arbor. Additional right of way │ 88.60│ 116.12 Ionia │Pere Marquette. Gravel pit │ 77.50│ 125.00 ═════════╧════════════════════════════════════════╧══════════╧═════════ Actual purchases are averaged from recent transfers, and represent consideration paid owners, but not cost of acquiring.