The word, "trade," as used in connection with statistics of foreign and domestic trade has been irritatingly ambiguous. Few writers, in speaking of domestic trade, have meant the same thing by trade that they have meant by the word when speaking of foreign trade, and hence we have had many pointless efforts to institute comparisons between the two, and some very misleading statements about the matter. Thus, figures have been offered which would show that the foreign trade of the United States is only a fraction of 1% of the domestic trade. This conclusion is reached by taking the figures for banking transactions discussed in Chapters XIII and XIX as representative of domestic trade, and comparing them with the annual figures for exports and imports. This procedure is fallacious for several reasons:[302] the figures thus reached for domestic trade exceed even the total trading within the country, as shown in Chapter XIX. In the second place, as shown in Chapter XIII, the bulk even of these deposits which do represent real trading grow chiefly out of speculation. Even in ordinary trade, goods are counted several times before reaching the final consumer. It is clear, therefore, that even an accurate figure for total trading within the country would have little relevance when we are seeking a figure to compare with exports and imports. Nor, if a comparison of the actual trading in which foreigners participate with the trading exclusively between Americans is sought, can we take the export and import figures as representative of the foreign trading--they do not include a multitude of highly important transactions in which foreigners participate. Very much of the business of the New York Cotton Exchange, the New York Stock Exchange, the Chicago Board of Trade, and other speculative markets represents foreign buying and selling, especially arbitraging transactions, and the other "invisible items" of foreign trade need merely to be mentioned for the economist to recognize the fallacy of a comparison which omits them.