(5) The theory has no bearing on the explanation of entrepreneur cost--money-outlay, "opportunity cost," alternative positive values, or what not. It finds no place for the modern cost doctrine. It does not in any way open the path to the Austrian theory of costs. Costs, for Austrian theory, as, in general, for modern theory, are reflections of _demand_ for the employment of the agents of production in alternative uses. Thus, it costs a great deal to raise wheat in Illinois, because of the rival demand for the land to produce corn. Labor costs are high in ordinary manufacturing, because of the rival demand for labor in the munitions factories, etc. As Schumpeter's theory can give no account of the _demand_ for labor in the munitions factories, it follows that it can give no account of the _cost_ of labor in the other factories. Instead, indeed, of giving us the modern cost doctrine, we see Schumpeter's scheme reviving the old _real cost_ doctrine, running in terms of sacrifices in production.[84] (6) The foregoing paragraph gives emphasis to the point with which we started, namely, that Schumpeter's theory is not a _causal_ theory, but merely a theory which gives mathematical relations in a static picture. For the general theory of the Austrians, this real cost doctrine is anathema. Values are positive. The emphasis is put on positive wants, as _causes_ which guide and motivate industry. The _clue_ to all values is in the values of _consumption_ goods, which are in direct contact with the utilities which are the source of value. From the values of consumption goods, we _derive_ the values of production goods, labor, etc., which are goods of "second, third and fourth _ranks_" and whose values are merely reflected from the causal marginal utilities of the consumption goods they are destined to create. None of this causation is brought into Schumpeter's conspectus picture. On the contrary, with the bringing in of disutility of production, we have the doctrine of the earlier English School revived. The equilibrium picture is as good a proof of the one theory as of the other. If we assume the utility-curves constant, and allow the cost-curves to vary, then causation would be initiated by the cost-curves.[85]