_Bos trochoceros._ This form is not included in the three species above mentioned, for it is now considered by Rütimeyer to be the female of an early domesticated form of _B. primigenius,_ and as the progenitor of his _frontosus_ race. I may add that specific names have been given to four other fossil oxen, now believed to be identical with _B. primigenius._[39] _Bos longifrons_ (or _ brachyceros_) of Owen.—This very distinct species was of small size, and had a short body with fine legs. According to Boyd Dawkins[40] it was introduced as a domesticated animal into Britain at a very early period, and supplied food to the Roman legionaries.[41] Some remains have been found in Ireland in certain crannoges, of which the dates are believed to be from 843-933 A.D.[42] It was also the commonest form in a domesticated condition in Switzerland during the earliest part of the Neolithic period. Professor Owen[43] thinks it probable that the Welsh and Highland cattle are descended from this form; as likewise is the case, according to Rütimeyer, with some of the existing Swiss breeds. These latter are of different shades of colour from light-grey to blackish-brown, with a lighter stripe along the spine, but they have no pure white marks. The cattle of North Wales and the Highlands, on the other hand, are generally black or dark-coloured. _Bos frontosus_ of Nilsson.—This species is allied to _B. longifrons,_ and, according to the high authority of Mr. Boyd Dawkins, is identical with it, but in the opinion of some judges is distinct. Both co-existed in Scania during the same late geological period,[44] and both have been found in the Irish crannoges.[45] Nilsson believes that his _B. frontosus_ may be the parent of the mountain cattle of Norway, which have a high protuberance on the skull between the base of the horns. As Professor Owen and others believe that the Scotch Highland cattle are descended from his _B. longifrons,_ it is worth notice that a capable judge[46] has remarked that he saw no cattle in Norway like the Highland breed, but that they more nearly resembled the Devonshire breed.