The Varieties of Religious Experience: A Study in Human NatureJames, William
ReligionComparative
The Varieties of Religious Experience: A Study in Human Nature
James, William
Conversion; Experience (Religion); Philosophy and religion; Psychology, Religious; Religion
“Theology,” says Dr. Starbuck, “takes the adolescent tendencies and builds
upon them; it sees that the essential thing in adolescent growth is
bringing the person out of childhood into the new life of maturity and
personal insight. It accordingly brings those means to bear which will
intensify the normal tendencies. It shortens up the period of duration of
storm and stress.” The conversion phenomena of “conviction of sin” last,
by this investigator’s statistics, about one fifth as long as the periods
of adolescent storm and stress phenomena of which he also got statistics,
but they are very much more intense. Bodily accompaniments, loss of sleep
and appetite, for example, are much more frequent in them. “The essential
distinction appears to be that conversion intensifies but shortens the
period by bringing the person to a definite crisis.”(101)
The conversions which Dr. Starbuck here has in mind are of course mainly
those of very commonplace persons, kept true to a pre‐appointed type by
instruction, appeal, and example. The particular form which they affect is
the result of suggestion and imitation.(102) If they went through their
growth‐crisis in other faiths and other countries, although the essence of
the change would be the same (since it is one in the main so inevitable),
its accidents would be different. In Catholic lands, for example, and in
our own Episcopalian sects, no such anxiety and conviction of sin is usual
as in sects that encourage revivals. The sacraments being more relied on
in these more strictly ecclesiastical bodies, the individual’s personal
acceptance of salvation needs less to be accentuated and led up to.
But every imitative phenomenon must once have had its original, and I
propose that for the future we keep as close as may be to the more first‐
hand and original forms of experience. These are more likely to be found
in sporadic adult cases.
Professor Leuba, in a valuable article on the psychology of
conversion,(103) subordinates the theological aspect of the religious life
almost entirely to its moral aspect. The religious sense he defines as
“the feeling of un‐wholeness, of moral imperfection, of sin, to use the
technical word, accompanied by the yearning after the peace of unity.”
“The word ‘religion,’ ” he says, “is getting more and more to signify the
conglomerate of desires and emotions springing from the sense of sin and
its release”; and he gives a large number of examples, in which the sin
ranges from drunkenness to spiritual pride, to show that the sense of it
may beset one and crave relief as urgently as does the anguish of the
sickened flesh or any form of physical misery.
Undoubtedly this conception covers an immense number of cases. A good one
to use as an example is that of Mr. S. H. Hadley, who after his conversion
became an active and useful rescuer of drunkards in New York. His
experience runs as follows:—
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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