The _pterygoids_ (figs. 43, A, 4, and 45, 11) are a pair of large bones, each consisting of a median more or less vertical part, which becomes ankylosed to its fellow in the middle line early in life, and of a wide horizontal part which meets the transpalatine. They completely surround the posterior nares (fig. 43, A, 5) and their median portions form the whole boundary of the posterior part of the narial passage, and assist the palatines and vomers in bounding the middle part. The horizontal parts form the posterior part of the secondary palate, while the dorsal surface of each looks into the =pterygoid fossa=, a large cavity lying below the quadrate and quadratojugal at the side of the skull. The lateral margin adjoining the transpalatine is in the fresh skull terminated by a plate of cartilage against which the mandible plays. Dorsally the pterygoid articulates with the basisphenoid, quadrate, and alisphenoid. The _transpalatines_ (fig. 44, 11) connect the pterygoids with the jugals and maxillae, articulating with each of the three bones by a long pointed process. The jugal process meets also a down-growth from the postfrontal. The _jugals_ or _malars_ (fig. 44, 5) are long somewhat flattened bones which are united to the lachrymals and maxillae in front, while passing backwards each is united behind to the _quadratojugal_ (fig. 44, 12), the two forming the =infratemporal arcade= which constitutes the external boundary of the orbit and lateral temporal fossa. The jugal is united below to the transpalatine, and the two bones together form an outgrowth, which meeting that from the postfrontal forms the =postorbital bar=, and separates the orbit from the lateral temporal fossa. The quadratojugals are small bones and are united behind with the quadrates.