This suborder includes only a very aberrant arboreal genus _Galeopithecus_, remarkable for its greatly elongated limb bones, and peculiar dentition. The incisors of the lower jaw are deeply pectinated or divided by several vertical fissures, the canines and outer upper incisors have two roots. Ossified inter centra occur in the thoraco-lumbar region of the vertebral column. _Suborder_ (2). INSECTIVORA VERA. This suborder includes all the ordinary Insectivora, such as moles, shrews and hedgehogs. The upper and lower incisors are conical, not pectinated. _Order 8._ CHIROPTERA[138]. This order is perhaps the best marked and most easily defined of all the orders of mammals. The anterior limbs form true wings and the whole skeleton is modified in relation to flight. The anterior limbs are vastly larger than the posterior; for all the bones except the carpals are much elongated, and this applies specially to the phalanges of all the digits except the pollex. The pollex is clawed and so is sometimes the second digit; the other digits of the manus are without nails or claws. The teeth are divisible into the four usual types and the series never exceeds _i_ 2/3 _c_ 1/1 _pm_ 3/3 _m_ 3/3 × 2, total 38. The milk teeth are quite unlike the permanent teeth. The orbit is not divided by bone from the temporal fossa. The vertebral column is short, and in old animals the trunk vertebrae have a tendency to become partially fused together. The cervical vertebrae are remarkably wide, and the development of spinous processes is everywhere slight. The presternum has a prominent keel for the attachment of the pectoral muscles. The clavicles are very long and strong, and the scapula has a long spine and coracoid process. The ulna is vestigial, consisting only of a proximal end ankylosed to the radius. All the carpals of the proximal row--the scaphoid, lunar and cuneiform--are united, forming a single bone. The pelvis is very weak and narrow, and only in the Rhinolophidae do the pubes meet in a symphysis. The anterior caudal vertebrae are frequently united to the ischia. The fibula is generally vestigial, and the knee joint is directed backwards instead of forwards. The pes has five slender clawed digits, and the calcaneum is often drawn out into a spur which helps to support the membrane connecting the hind limbs with the tail. There are two suborders of Chiroptera: 1. The MEGACHIROPTERA or Flying foxes, which almost always have smooth crowns to the molar teeth, and the second digit of the manus clawed. 2. The MICROCHIROPTERA including all the ordinary bats which have cusped molar teeth, and the second digit of the manus clawless. _Order 9._ PRIMATES.