In Ganoids and in Teleosteans the loss of the pelvic girdle causes the pelvic fin to be still further removed from the primitive state. There is always a large basi-pterygium which lies imbedded in the muscles and meets its fellow at its proximal end. In Cartilaginous Ganoids it has a secondary segmentation. Its relation to its fellow is subject to much variation in Teleosteans, sometimes as in the Perch the two are in contact throughout, sometimes as in the Salmon they meet distally as well as proximally, but are elsewhere separated by a space, sometimes as in the Pike and Bony Ganoids they diverge widely. The radiale are articulated to the basi-pterygium. In Cartilaginous Ganoids and _Polypterus_ they are well developed, in other Ganoids and in Teleosteans they are in the main replaced by dermal fin-rays. In some Teleosteans such as the Cod the pelvic fins have migrated from their usual position and come to be attached to the throat in front of the pectoral fins. Fish with this arrangement are grouped together as =jugulares=. FOOTNOTES: [39] The following general works on fishes may be referred to: Bashford Dean, _Fishes, Living and Fossil_, New York, 1895. A. Günther, _An Introduction to the Study of Fishes_, Edinburgh, 1880. A.A.W. Hubrecht and M. Sagemehl, _Fische_ in Bronn's _Classen und Ordnungen des Thierreichs_, Band VI. Leipzig, 1876. [40] See W.G. Ridewood, _Nat. Sci._ vol. VIII. 1896, p. 380. Full references are there given to the literature of the subject. [41] See H. Gadow and E.C. Abbott, _Phil. Trans._ vol. 186 (1895) B. pp. 163-221. [42] C. Hasse, _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ LVII. 1893, p. 76. [43] C. Hasse, _Das natürliche System der Elasmobranchier auf Grundlage des Baues und der Entwickelung ihrer Wirbelsäule_, Jena, 1879 and 1885, and "Die fossilen Wirbel, Morph. Studien I.-IV.," _Morphol. Jahrb. Bd._ II., III. and IV. 1876-78. [44] See H.B. Pollard, _Anat. Anz._ X. 1894. [45] T.W. Bridge, "The Cranial Osteology of _Amia calva_," _J. Anat. Physiol. norm. path._ 1876, vol. XI. p. 605. R. Shufeldt, "The Osteology of _Amia calva_," _Ann. Rep. of the Commissioner for Fish and Fisheries_, Washington, 1885. [46] A. Smith Woodward, _Nat. Sci._ vol. I. 1892, p. 28. Further references are here given on the literature of the subject. [47] C. Gegenbaur, Ueber das Archipterygium, _Jena Zeitschr. der Wirbelthiere_, 2^e Heft, 1873, vol. 7, and _Morphol. Jahrb._ XXII. 1894, p. 119. [48] The fins of _Ceratodus_ are very variable, no two being exactly alike. Sometimes even the main axis bifurcates. See W.A. Haswell, _Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales_, vol. VII. 1882. [49] Some of these views with regard to the homologies of the parts of the fins are not accepted by all anatomists. CHAPTER IX. CLASS II. AMPHIBIA[50].