2. THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON. A. THE PECTORAL GIRDLE. This is of a very simple character, and remains throughout life in an imperfectly ossified condition. It consists of a dorsal =scapular portion=, and a ventral =coracoid portion= partially divided into an anterior part, the precoracoid, and a posterior part, the =coracoid=. [Illustration FIG. 22. A VENTRAL, AND B LATERAL VIEW OF THE SHOULDER GIRDLE AND STERNUM OF AN OLD MALE CRESTED NEWT (_Molge cristata_) × 3 (after PARKER). 1. scapula. 2. suprascapula. 3. coracoid. 4. glenoid cavity. 5. precoracoid. 6. sternum.] The =scapular portion= is a slightly curved oblong plate; its proximal third the =scapula= (fig. 22, 1) is ossified and bounds part of the well-marked =glenoid cavity= (fig. 22, 4); its distal portion forms a large oblong cartilaginous plate, the =suprascapula= (fig. 22, 2). The =precoracoid= (fig. 22, 5) forms a small forwardly-directed cartilaginous plate. The =coracoid= (fig. 22, 3) forms a much larger plate, the greater part of which is unossified and overlaps its fellow in the middle line, the two being overlapped by the sternum. Around the glenoid cavity is an area which is mainly ossified and is continuous with the scapula. B. THE ANTERIOR LIMB. This is divisible into three parts, the =upper arm= or =brachium=, the =fore-arm= or =antibrachium=, and the =manus=. The =upper arm= includes a single bone, the =humerus=. The =humerus= is a slender bone cylindrical in the middle and expanded at either end, the proximal part forms a rounded =head= which articulates with the glenoid cavity. Along the proximal part of the anterior or pre-axial surface runs a strong =deltoid ridge=. The proximal part of the postaxial surface also bears a small outgrowth. The =fore-arm= contains two bones, the =radius= and =ulna=, both of which are small and imperfectly ossified at their terminations. The =radius= (fig. 23, B, 11) or pre-axial bone is rather the larger of the two, and is considerably expanded at its proximal end. The =ulna= or postaxial bone is somewhat expanded distally, but is not drawn out proximally into an olecranon process. The =manus= consists of two parts, a group of small bones forming the =carpus= or =wrist=, and the =hand=. The =carpus= is in a very simple unmodified condition as compared with that of the Frog. It consists of a proximal row of two bones and a distal row of four, with one, the =centrale=, interposed between. All these bones are small and polygonal and are imbedded in a plate of cartilage. The bones of the proximal row are a smaller pre-axial bone, the =radiale= (fig. 23, B, 13), and a larger postaxial bone, which represents the fused =ulnare= and =intermedium= of the very simple carpus described on pp. 26 and 27. The four bones of the distal row are respectively =carpalia= 2, 3, 4 and 5.