“Our experiments were intended to decide how far the objection raised on several sides was justified, that the results of the experiments made by Fritsch and Hitzig on the cortex of the cerebrum did not arise from the excitation of the cortex itself, but of the more internal parts.… The experiments were made during the summer term of 1874, all on middle-sized dogs, and were carried out successfully.… There were only six; as the results were all the same, there was no reason to make more of these cruel experiments.… I conclude with the remark that the experiments of Fritsch and Hitzig, however interesting and precious they may be, do not justify any conclusions concerning the functions of the cortex.”--“_Ueber electrische Reizversuche an der Grosshirnrinde_,” Pflüger’s _Archiv._, Vol. X., pp. 78-84. “The advancement of our knowledge, and not utility to medicine, is the true and straightforward object of all vivisection. No true investigator in his researches thinks of the practical utilization. Science can afford to despise this justification with which vivisection has been defended in England.”--_Die Vivisectionsfrage._ =Herzen, Alex.= B. Russia, 1839. Prof. Physiol., Lausanne University. Studied Medicine and Natural History in England and Switzerland; joined Schiff at Florence, and became one of the promoters of the new scientific and philosophical movement in Italy. He afterwards retired to Sienna, where he pursued in solitude his studies on experimental Physiology. Prof. Physiol. at the Instituto superiore at Florence, 1877. Author of “Popular Comparative Anatomy of the Lower Animals,” London, 1862; “Les centres modérateurs de l’action réflexe,” Turin, 1864; “Sul l’eccitabilitá dei nervi tagliati,” 1867; “Analisi fisiologica del libero arbitrio humana,” 1868; “Gli animali martiri i loro prottettori e la Fisiologia,” Florence, 1874; “Una questione di Psicologia Sociale,” 1871; “Cos ’è la Fisiologia,” Florence, 1877; “Lezione sulla digestione,” Florence, 1877; “Il Moto psichico e la Coscienza,” Florence, 1877; and in French a volume of “Récits et Nouvelles.” =Hifberg= (Dr.), Christiania University. =His, Wilhelm.= B. at Bâle, 1831; studied med. at Bâle and Berlin, under J. Müller; Prof. Anat. and Physiol. Bâle, 1857; Prof. Physiol. Leipsig, 1872. Author of “Crania Helvetica,” Bâle, 1864; “Ueber die erste Anlage des Wirbelthierliebs,” Leipsig, 1868; “Unser Körperform und das phys. Problem ihrer Einstehung,” Leipzig, 1875. Contrib. to “Archiv. für Anthropologie” and “Archiv. f. Anatomie;” “Ueber die Anfänge des peripherischem Nervensystems” Arch. f. Anat. und Physiol., 1879, p. 456; “Abbildungen ueber das Gefässsystem der menschlischen Netzhaut und derjenigen des Kaninchens,” Ibid., Vol. f., 1880, p. 224; “Die Lehre vom Bindesubstanzkeim,” Ibid., 1882, p. 62.