[Footnote 67: When Spitzbergen was first mapped, a great number of places were named after reindeer, which shows that the reindeer was found there in large numbers, and now just at these places it is completely absent. On the other hand, the Dutch and English explorers during the sixteenth century saw no reindeer on Novaya Zemlya. During the Swedish expedition of 1875 no reindeer were seen on the west coast of this island south of Karmakul Bay, while a number were shot at Besimannaja Bay and Matotschkin Schar. When some of the companions of the well-known walrus-hunting captain, Sievert Tobiesen, were compelled in 1872-73 to winter at North Goose Cape, they shot during winter and spring only eleven reindeer. Some Russians, who by an accident were obliged to pass six years in succession somewhere on the coast of Stans Foreland (Maloy Broun), and who, during this long time, were dependent for their food on what they could procure by hunting without the use of fire-arms (they had when they landed powder and ball for only twelve shots), when the three survivors were found and taken home in 1749, had killed two hundred and fifty reindeer (P.L. le Roy, _Relation des Aventures arrivees a quatre matelots Russes jettes par une tempete pres de l'Isle deserte d'Ost-Spitzbergen, sur laquelle ils ont passe six ans et trois mois_, 1766). ] [Footnote 68: During the wintering of 1869-70 on East Greenland, Dr. Punsch once saw a female bear with quite small young (_Die zweite deutsche Nordpolarfahrt_, Leipzig, 1873-74. Vol. II p. 157). ] [Footnote 69: W. Scoresby's des Juengern, _Tagebuch einer Reise auf dem Wallfischfang. Aus dem engl. ueebers_. Hamburg, 1825, p. 127. ] [Footnote 70: _Die zweite deutsche Nordpolarfahrt_, Vol. I. p. 465. ] [Footnote 71: _Groenlands historiske Mindesmaerker._ Kjoebenhavn, 1838, III. p. 384. ] [Footnote 72: Ramusio, Part II., Venice, 1583, p. 60. ] [Footnote 73: Ol. Magnus. Rome edition, 1555, p. 621. ] [Footnote 74: It is stated that wolves also occur on Novaya Zemlya as far up as to Matotschkin Sound. They are exceedingly common on the north coasts of Asia and Eastern Europe. ] [Footnote 75: That is to say, not on Spitzbergen and Novaya Zemlya, for it is otherwise on the coast of the mainland. In West Greenland the mosquito as far north as the southern part of Disco Island is still so terrible, especially to the new comer during the first days, that the face of any one who without a veil ventures into marshy ground overgrown with bushes, becomes in a few hours unrecognisable. The eyelids are closed with swelling and changed into water-filled bladders, suppurating tumours are formed in the head under the hair, &c. But when a man has once undergone this unpleasant and painful inoculation, the body appears, at least for one summer, to be less susceptible to the mosquito-poison. ]