[Footnote 163: According to Luetke, p. 70. Hamel, _Tradescant d. aeltere_, gives the date 1742-44. ] [Footnote 164: Thus on the first map in an atlas published in 1737 by the St. Petersburg Academy, Novaya Zemlya is delineated as a peninsula projecting from Taimur Land north of the Pjaesina. ] [Footnote 165: Properly "Mate, with the rank of Lieutenant," from which we may conclude that Rossmuislov wanted the usual education of an officer. ] [Footnote 166: These remarkable voyages were described for the first time, after the accounts of Zivolka, by the academician K.E. v. Baer in _Bulletin scientifique publ. par l'Acad. Imp. des Sciences de St. Petersburg_, t. ii. No. 9, 10, 11 (1837). Before this there does not appear to have been in St. Petersburg any knowledge of Pachtussov's voyages, the most remarkable which the history of Russian Polar Sea exploration has to show. ] [Footnote 167: The carbasse was named, like the vessels of Lasarev and Luetke, the _Novaya Zemlya_. It was forty-two feet long, fourteen feet beam, and six feet deep, decked fore and aft, and with the open space between protected by canvas from breakers. ] [Footnote 168: The details of Pachtussov's voyages are taken partly from von Baer's work already quoted, partly from Carl Svenske, _Novaya Zemlya_, &c., St. Petersburg, 1866 (in Russian, published at the expense of M.K. Sidoroff), and J. Spoerer, _Nowaja Semlae in geographischer, naturhistorischer und volkswirthschaftlicher Beziehung, nach den Quellen bearbsitet_. Ergaenz-Heft. No. 21 zu Peterm. _Geogr. Mittheilungen_, Gotha, 1867. ] [Footnote 169: _Bulletin scientifique publie par l'Academie Imp. de St. Petersburg_, t. ii. (1837), p. 315; iii. (1838), p. 96, and other places. ] [Footnote 170: Paul von Krusenstern, _Skizzen aus sienem Seemannsleben. Seinen Freunden gewidmet_. Hirschberg in Silesia, without date. ] [Footnote 171: Information regarding the mode of life of the Russian hunters on the coasts of Spitzbergen is to be found in P.A. le Roy, _Relation des avantures arrivees a quatre matelots Russes, &c._ 1766; Tschitschagov's _Reise nach dem Eismeer_, St. Petersburg, 1793; John Bacstrom, _Account of a voyage to Spitzbergen_, 1780, London, 1808 (as stated; I have not seen this work); B.M. Keilhau, _Reise i Oest og Vest Finmarken, samt til Beeren-Eiland og Spetsbergen i Aarene 1827 og 1828_, Christiania, 1831; A. Erman, _Archiv fuer wissenschastliche Kunde von Russland_, Part 13 (1854), p. 260; K. Chydenius, _Svenska expeditionen till Spetsbergen 1861_ (p. 435); Duner and Nordenskioeld, _Svenska Expeditioner till Spetsbergen och Jan Mayen 1863 och 1864_ (p. 101). ] [Footnote 172: Before 1858 there is to be found in Petermann's _Mittheilungen_ only a single notice of the Norwegian Spitzbergen hunting, the existence of which was at the time probably known to no great number of European geographers. ]