[6] For Lactantius, see _Instit._, iii., 24, translation in the Ante-Nicene Library; also, citations in _Whewell_, i., 196, and in _St. Martin_, _Histoire de la Géographie_, pp. 216, 217. For St. Augustine's opinion, see the _Civ. D._, xvi., 9, where this great Father of the Church shows that the existence of the antipodes "nulla ratione credendum est." Also, citations in _Buckle's Posthumous Works_, vol. ii., p. 645. For a notice of the views of Cosmas in connection with those of Lactantius, Augustine, St. John Chrysostom, and others, see _Schoell_, _Histoire de la Littérature Grecque_, vol. vii., pp. 37, _et seq._ [7] Isaiah xl. 22. [8] Job xxvi. 11. [9] Genesis i. 6. [10] Psalm cxlviii. 4. [11] Genesis vii. 11. [12] See _Montfaucon_, _Collectio Nova Patrum_, Paris, 1706, vol ii., p. 188; also pp. 298, 299. The text is illustrated with engravings showing walls and solid vault (firmament), with the whole apparatus of "fountains of the great deep," "windows of heaven," angels, and the mountain behind which the sun is drawn. For an imperfect reduction of one of them, see article _Maps_ in _Knight's Dictionary of Mechanics_, New York, 1875. For still another theory, very droll, and thought out on similar principles, see Mungo Park, cited in _De Morgan_, _Paradoxes_, 309. For Cosmas's joyful summing up, see _Montfaucon_, _Collectio Nova Patrum_, vol. ii., p. 255. [13] Virgil of Salzburg. See _Neander's History of the Christian Church_, Torrey's translation, vol. iii., p. 63. Since Bayle, there has been much loose writing about Virgil's case. See _Whewell_, p. 197; but for best choice of authorities and most careful winnowing out of conclusions, see _De Morgan_, pp. 24-26. For very full notes as to pagan and Christian advocates of doctrine of rotundity of the earth and of antipodes, and for extract from Zachary's letter, see _Migne_, _Patrologia_, vol. vi., p. 426, and vol. xli., p. 487. For Peter of Abano, or Apono, as he is often called, see _Tiraboschi_; also, _Ginguené_, vol. ii., p. 293; also _Naudé_, _Histoire des Grands hommes accusés de Magie_. For Cecco d'Ascoli, see _Montucla_, _Histoire des Mathématiques_, i., 528; also, _Daunou_, _Études Historiques_, vol. vi., p. 320. Concerning Orcagna's representation of Cecco in flames of hell, see _Renan_, _Averroès et l'Averroisme_, Paris, 1867, p. 328. [14] For Columbus before the Junta of Salamanca, see _Irving's Columbus_, Murray's edition, vol. ii., pp. 405-410. _Figuier_, _Savants du Moyen Age_, etc., vol. ii., p. 394, _et seq._ Also, _Humboldt_, _Histoire de la Géographie du Nouveau Continent_. [15] See _Daunou_, _Études Historiques_, vol. ii., p. 417.