[79] _Bertrand_, _Fondateurs de l'Astron. Mod._, p. 61. _Flammarion_, _Vie de Copernic_, chap. ix. As to the time when the decree of condemnation was repealed, various authorities differ. Artaud, p. 307, cited in an apologetic article in _Dublin Review_, September, 1865, says that Galileo's famous dialogue was published in 1744, at Padua, entire, and with the usual approbations. The same article also declares that in 1818 the ecclesiastical decrees were repealed by Pius VII., in full Consistory. Whewell says that Galileo's writings, after some opposition, were expunged from the _Index Expurgatorius_ in 1818. Cantu, an authority rather favorable to the Church, says that Copernicus's work remained on the _Index_ as late as 1835. _Cantu_, _Histoire Universelle_, vol. xv., p. 483; and with this Th. Martin, not less favorable to the Church, but exceedingly careful as to the facts, agrees. [80] See _Weld_, _History of the Royal Society_, vol. ii., p. 56, for the facts and the admirable letter of Priestley upon this rejection. [81] _Bruhns_ and _Lassell_, _Life of Humboldt_, London, 1873, vol. ii., p. 411. [82] For the very amusing details of the English attempt, and of the way in which it was met, see _De Morgan_, _Paradoxes_, p. 42. For Pastor Knak and his associates, see _Revue des Deux Mondes_, 1868. [83] For a striking account, gathered from eye-witnesses of this frightful scene at the execution of Bruno, see letter of Scioppius in appendix to vol. iv. of _Libri_, _Hist. des Mathématiques_. [84] As a pendant to this ejaculation of Kepler may be cited those wondrous words of Linnæus: "Deum omnipotentem a tergo transeuntem vidi et obstupui." [85] For papal bull representing the earth as a flat disk, see _Daunou_, _Études Historiques_, vol. ii., p. 421.