[90] For work of Aquinas, see _St. Thomas Aquinas_, _Liber de Cœlo et Mundo_, section xx. Also, _Life and Labors of St. Thomas of Aquin_, by _Archbishop Vaughan_, pp. 459, _et seq._ For his labors in natural science, see _Hoefer_, _Histoire de la Chimie_, Paris, 1843, vol. i., p. 381. For theological views of science in middle ages, and rejoicing thereat, see _Pouchet_, _Hist. des Sci. Nat. au Moyen Age_, _ubi supra_. Pouchet says: "En général au milieu du moyen âge les sciences sont essentiellement chrétiennes, leur but est tout-à-fait religieux, et elles semblent beaucoup moins s'inquiéter de l'avancement intellectuel de l'homme que de son salut eternel." Pouchet calls this "conciliation" into a "harmonieux ensemble" "la plus glorieuse des conquêtes intellectuelles du moyen âge." Pouchet belongs to Rouen, and the shadow of the Rouen Cathedral seems thrown over all his history. See, also, _L'Abbé Rohrbacher_, _Hist. de l'Église Catholique_, Paris, 1858, vol. xviii., pp. 421, _et seq._ The abbé dilates upon the fact that "the Church organizes the agreement of all the sciences by the labors of St. Thomas of Aquin and his contemporaries." For the theological character of science in middle ages, recognized by a Protestant philosophic historian, see the well-known passage in _Guizot_, _History of Civilization in Europe_; and by a noted Protestant ecclesiastic, see _Bishop Hampden's Life of Thomas Aquinas_, chaps. xxxvi., xxxvii. See, also, _Hallam_, _Middle Ages_, chap. ix. For dealings of Pope John XXII., and kings of France and England, and republic of Venice, see _Figuier_, _L'Alchimie et les Alchimistes_, pp. 140, 141, where, in a note, the text of the bull _Spondent Pariter_ is given. [91] The _Novum Organon_, translated by the Rev. G. W. Kitchin, Oxford, 1855, chap. lxv. [92] _Novum Organon_, chap. lxxxix. [93] _Novum Organon_, chap. xciii. [94] _Bacon, The Advancement of Learning_, edited by W. Aldis Wright, London, 1873, pp. 47, 48. [95] For a very contemptuous statement of Lord Bacon's claim to his position as a philosopher, see _Lange_, _Geschichte des Materialismus_, Leipsic, 1874, vol. i., p. 219. For a more just statement, see _Brewster_, _Life of Sir Isaac Newton_. See, also, _Jevons_, _Principles of Science_, London, 1874, vol. ii., p. 298. [96] Kopp, in his _Ansichten_, pushes criticism even to some skepticism as to Roger Bacon being the _discoverer_ of many of the things generally attributed to him; but, after all deductions are carefully made, enough remains to make Bacon the greatest benefactor to humanity during the middle ages. [97] For an account of Bacon's treatise, _De Nullitate Magiæ_, see _Hoefer_.